Primary Neurological Brain Abnormalities And Individuals...

Introduction There are primary neurological brain abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. According to Fusar-Poli (2009), schizophrenia is delineated by prefrontal activity and elevated striatal dopaminergic functions. These elevations in striatal dopamine activity and prefrontal cortical dysfunctions (Fusar-Poli, 2009). Along with other abnormalities in white matter as well as, having been observed in the right superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, adjacent to the right caudate head, right thalamus, left insula, left lentiform nucleus, left fusiform gyrus, and bilateral claustrum (Antonius, 2011). The study of these findings may assist us to understand their role in the severity of the schizophrenia disorder symptoms (Antonius, 2011). This research paper will provide an a comprehensive look of this disorder by providing the essential features, enhanced knowledge on neurological pathology, recent research on the field that aids in the comprehension of the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia, demographics including, prevalence rates, and gender differences, an extensive review of differential diagnosis, the use of anti-psychotic medication and therapy as forms of treatment, the etiology of the disorder from the biological and cognitive perspective. Although the key pathological features are white matter abnormalities that include global and focal volume reductions, hypodensities, reduced fractional anisotropy, and profoundShow MoreRelatedThe National Alliance Of Mental Illness1485 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders such as early onset schizophrenia. Each year approximately 7 out of 1,000 individuals worldwide are diagnosed with schizophrenia (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH, 2014). In the United States alone it is estimated 1% of the adult population lives with schizophrenia every day. Although, most commonly diagnosed in adult males, schizophrenia can affect all individuals regardless of sex, age, or ethnic group. Kolb and Whishaw (2015) define schizophrenia as the â€Å"behavioral disorderRead MoreCognitive Dysfunction Relating to Schizophrenia Essay2514 Words   |  11 PagesCognitive Dysfunction Relating to Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is often a chronic relapsing psychotic disorder that disrupts normal thought, speech, and behavior. It is a cluster of severe prolonged mental disturbances that â€Å"...is by far the most chronic and disabling of the major mental disorders. This disease may be one disorder, or it may be many disorders, with different causes† (Andreasen Schutlz, 1999). It is a disease that makes it difficult for a person to tell the difference betweenRead MoreThe Physiology Of Schizophrenia During Childhood Disorders2237 Words   |  9 PagesThe Physiology of Schizophrenia In today’s society the idea of mental illness has grown exponentially. To those who have various disorders, it might seem like the end of the world; however, some of these disorders can be managed quite well allowing the individual to live a somewhat normal and productive life. Mental illnesses range from childhood disorders such as ADHD all the way to disorders in the old age such as dementia. While some of these disorders are more severe than others, they allRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Disorder On The Individual s Life1641 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many causes that are liked to an emotional disorder. From a cognitive perspective, it is well known that when there is some type of impairment in certain brain areas then there is a large change that there is a mental illness present in the individual’s life. A person’s cognitive skills are necessary and fundamental for elements such as: attention, information processing, as well as memory, and critica l thinking. This means that a cognitive disorder would have an impact on the person’sRead MoreVitamin Deficiencies and Psychiatric Illnesses1459 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with psychiatric illnesses either by being the primary cause or an exacerbating factor. Psychiatric symptoms could also lead to poor nutrition. Vitamin deficiencies may play a role in compromising patient recovery. Vitamins are organic substances essential for several enzymatic functions. There are 13 known vitamins which are either fat soluble (4 vitamins i.e. KEDA) or water soluble (9 vitamins i.e. C, the B group). Regarding brain function, B vitamins are essential in the maintenanceRead MoreWhite Matter Psychology Essay5960 Words   |  24 PagesWhite Matter Abnormalities and Animal Models Examining a Putative Role of Altered White Matter in Schizophrenia Haiyun Xu  1 ,*  and  Xin-Min Li  2 Author information  ?  Article notes  ?  Copyright and License information  ? This article has been  cited by  other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting about 1% of the population worldwide. Although the dopamine (DA) hypothesis is still keeping a dominant position in schizophrenia research, new advances have beenRead MoreSchizophrenia Essay2662 Words   |  11 Pagesfocuses on the diagnosis of schizophrenia, a major mental illness with much stigma and misinformation associated with it. World Health Organisation (WHO, 2012) epidemiological evidence suggests that schizophrenia is a mental illness affecting 24 million people worldwide. This essay will define schizophrenia and its characteristic signs and symptoms in relation to cognition, mood, behaviour and psychosocial functioning. The criteria enabling a diagnosis of schizophrenia are explored, as well as contemporaryRead MoreSchizophrenia: Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay2472 Words   |  10 Pages Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that affects the cognitive functions of an individual. The cause of this illness is unknown, but there are several theories of how an individual may acquire schizophrenia. Because there are many symptoms of the disease and because the symptoms can vary quite dramatically among several individuals and even within the same individual over time, the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be quite difficult. In the United States and Europe, schizophrenia occursRead MoreBeing Diagnosed With A Mental Disorder2946 Words   |  12 Pagesdiagnosed with a mental disorder is common nowadays, however, schizophrenia is not as common as depression or anxiety illnesses. Only 1% of the world’s population suffers with schizophrenia but it is a serious disease of the mind (Myers). Because of how schizophrenia takes ahold of the human mind, it is an interesting illness. Through the novel Swallow the Ocean and the television show 20/20 Haywire: Children Living with Schizophrenia, the lives of families are depicted to give a better understandingRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Abnormal Psychology2700 Words   |  11 PagesHansell 2008) there are six fundamental concepts that offer analysts with a definition that is relatively more accurate for the study: The continuum between normal and abnormal behaviour. Cultural and historical relativism in defining and classifying abnormality, the advan tages and limitations of diagnosis, the principle of mutual causality, the connection between time and body. Modern-day theorists understanding of abnormal psychology needs consideration of the theoretical model, origins and evolution

The Influence of Imperialism on Racism - 818 Words

This course is a great opportunity to explore the impact of imperialism. From this course, I learnt that imperialism contributed to the growth of racial discrimination. On one hand, in order to maximize profit by establishing colonies in Africa and Asia, western countries claimed that colored people were inferior and should be subjected to the whites’ control. On the other hand, imperialism led to the occurrences of wars, which caused the whites’ prejudice that black soldiers could not regulate themselves without the direction of white officers. The article The African Roots of War by W.E.B. Du Bois and the article The Rough Riders by Theodore Roosevelt can support my point of view. In the 19th century, western countries began to expand the economy through imperialist methods such as colonization. In order to justify their seemed inhuman behaviors, imperialist countries labeled residents of their colonies as savages who were doomed to be governed by whites. At this time , industrialization not only helped capitalists to accumulate a huge amount of wealth but also increased the economic gap between the rich and the poor. Therefore, the poor were dissatisfied and demanded to get more profits. Meanwhile, Du Bois regarded the 19th century as the century of â€Å"democracy† and the 20th century as the century of â€Å"socialization of wealth† (The African Roots of War). As he believed, since the late 19th century, the voice of common people was much stronger than ever before, and laborersShow MoreRelatedBurmese Days1142 Words   |  5 PagesRacism in Burmese Britain owned many colonies throughout the 1800’s including Burma. While the British were able to manufacturing raw materials from Burma until the early 1900’s, British Imperialism would forever influence the Burmese Natives. In George Orwell book â€Å"Burmese Days,† racism is one example of this British Imperialism influence. British Imperialism allowed the use of racism to influence the European Club members and British military. Some British authority used racism to diminish theRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesevents are talked about. That just shows what imperialism causes. Imperialism is when a dominant country seeks to increase their size and forces (either by war or diplomacy) a smaller country to submit to their rule. The Age of Imperialism began in the 1870s and went until World War 1. During this time imperialism was very prevalent and the events that took place during this time had lasting effects and still affect us to this day. While imperialism could be seen as beneficial, especially to theRead MoreImperialism And Its Effects On America1370 Words   |  6 PagesAshley Mooney Global Crisis October 2015 Imperialistic Racism Imperialism is nearly unheard of today, because historically it emerges from and promotes racist ideologies. Though some would argue the practice is progressive, the accomplishments of Imperialism are enormously out-weighed by the damage it has done. Often it resulted in the deaths of innocent people, occasionally millions, as was the case in the Congo in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the early Americas in the 15th andRead MoreAmerican Imperialism : America s Quest For Dominance1223 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican imperialism that lasted over a century, during the time; genocides and countless death are milestones in America’s quest for dominance. I am defining American imperialism is the policy expand one’s influence through economic, democratic or military force with the belief of the benefit to the country. American imperialism plays in important role through history as the cause of not only the genocides of the Native Americans, but the ultimate cause of the holocaust and even racism. The destructionRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words   |  5 Pagesstory, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evident throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages† and with the lack of dialogue for Congolese characters. Throughout the story, Conrad seems to suggest that imperialism and colonialism rise from greed, power struggle, andRead MoreImperialism in the 19th century1746 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat deal of Imperialism in the 19th century, led by mostly westerners from Europe. Imperialism is the act in which one nation extends its rule over another. Imperialism had a substantial effect on the 19th century throughout the entire world by bringing upon changes to many different countries, for better and for worse, especially to Africa. Prior to the nineteenth century, westerners did interfere with many of the affairs of nations outside of their boarders, so signs of imperialism are shown manyRead MoreFascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan1741 Words   |  7 Pages Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan all shared a global concept of fascism where the willingness to create a collective conscious of nationhood was justified through imperialism. Indeed, the importance of nationalism within Fascist culture would greatly affect the foreign policies of Italy, Germany, and Japan during the 1930s and 1940s. World War one had brought about revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, and technology, where the advent of total war and mass mobilizationRead MoreAn Area Is Not A Simple Process1620 Words   |  7 Pageswill examine the effects of decolonisation by drawing an outline of the causes that led to the decline of European Imperialism in Africa. The assessment will be focusing on the continua tions and disparities following the period of Long Depression at the end of the nineteenth century, which included the Scramble for Africa† and the political dissecting of the continent. Imperialism is the extension of a country s eminence into foreign territories and can be conducted by various means. The countriesRead MoreIndia s Break From The British Raj1652 Words   |  7 Pagesyears of school I have never learned too much about it and had always wondered why there was such a heavy British influence there. Little did I know, this English influence began long before I imagined and will mostly likely continue to exist for quite some time. Furthermore, I have chosen to research and write about India’s break from the British Raj (rule) of almost 100 years of imperialism. The leader I chose in this movement that proved to be extremely significant for its success is Mahatma GandhiRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: From Europe to The West1514 Words   |  7 PagesEarly in the twentieth century, imperialism was brought up by European powers of the time; Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These nations were after raw materials in Asia, Africa, and South Ame rica and when they realize that they could not retrieve it, they began to colonize smaller counties that contain the many resources they need and used it for their benefit. Western values played a big part in European imperialism. European civilization experienced a period of extraordinary rapid

Negligence Is Considered As Breachâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Business Law Assignment? Answer: Introduction Negligence is considered as a breach of duty of care, which results in the other person incurring loss or injury, due to the actions of the breaching party (Latimer, 2012). For making a claim of negligence, there has to be a duty of care, the breach of duty, the resulting injury, direct causation between the injury and breach of duty, the foreseeability of loss and the loss being not too remote (Bailey, 2016). Only when these elements are present, can a successful claim be made for negligence. And only then the claim for damages can be made. However, there are cases, where the amount of damages awarded to the plaintiff, are reduced. One of such incidents takes place when a case of contributory negligence is established, as per which, the plaintiff himself is held as a contributing factor for the injuries received by him (Gibson Fraser, 2014). The case of Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer [2007] HCA 42, is one of such cases, where both of these principle where held as being present by the court (Sappideen et al. 2009). In the following parts, a summary of this case has been presented, along with the claims made by the plaintiff. Facts of Case In the case of RTA v Dederer, Mr. Dederer was a 14 year old boy, who was the plaintiff in this. He had dived off the Forster/Tuncurry Bridge, as a result of which he was rendered a paraplegic. This particular area was a famous Accounting amongst the tourist and since past few years, the same had been used by the youth to jump and dive frequently, into the estuary below, off the bridge. Since the plaintiff was a child, he had spent his holidays in this area and had observed the children, as well as, the adults indulging in jumping or diving in the river from the bridge and that too frequently (The Federation Press, 2007). The plaintiff knew that the estuary was prone to tidal action, specially the particular area. And he also knew that the depth of the water could drop in a sudden manner at the sandbars edge. Along with this, he knew that the water was very deep in the channel. But due to the flow of water under the bridge, the depth of the water could not be judged easily. When the plaintiff dived into the river from the bridge, his head was struck over the sandbar, as a result of which, he became paraplegic (Hemming, 2007). There was a presence of pictography signs when an individual approached the bridge, which prohibited diving and the wordings of these restricted the climb over the bridge. Even though these signs were seen by the plaintiff, he ignored the same. There was a clear evidence to show that RTA knew that people humped off this bridge frequently. And yet the only step RTA took was to confer with police so that the same could be prevented. Though, the prohibition against jumping did not bear any fruit. The pictorial signs were replaced by the RIA with No Diving signs and yet the same could not prove as much help (Jenkins, 2007). And the jumping by people off the bridge was continued. No accidents have occurred in the past with regards to the diving off the bridge. Upon being asked that the signs prohibited diving and yet the plaintiff jumped, he replied that the signs only asked not to jump and did not warn him about the dangers of jumping in the river. As a result of this incident, claims we re initiated by the plaintiff against RTA and Great Lakes Shire Council owing to their negligence (High Court of Australia, 2007). Plaintiffs Claim It is quite clear in this case that the RTA owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff, as they failed to warn the plaintiff about the danger of the variable depth of the water, which was below the bridge (Hearsay, 2007). Moreover, this duty of care was also breached as RTA failed in installing a redesigned railing alongside the pedestrian walkway over the bridge. As the RTA was the statutory successor to the body, which constructed the bridge initially, i.e., the New South Wales Department of Main Roads, it made the RTA responsible for the maintenance of the bridge, as being the part of the NSW main road (Stewart Monahan, 2008). The plaintiff would also like to raise the issue that the bridge, in the manner in which it was both constructed and being maintained, constitutes a huge danger, due to the railing being horizontal, as opposed to being vertical, along with having a flat top railing, which made it relatively easy for the individuals to climb upon these railing, and consequently diving into or jumping in the river. It is accepted by the plaintiff that there was a clear presence of pictograph signs at both of the ends of the bridge, which restricted the diving into the river, and the plaintiff acknowledges to have seen the same. However, the plaintiff would like to clarify that these particular signs are not adequate in nature. This is because these pictographic signs should have acted as a warning to the plaintiff to the dangers of the variable depth of water, which was present below the bridge (Stewart Monahan, 2008). Even though the proceedings were only initiated against RTA, the plaintiff would request the court to join to these proceedings the Great Lakes Shire Council, as it was the roads authority, as a result of which, they were partially responsible for the bridge. The plaintiff would also like to the notice of the court that only a few years ago, the no diving signs were erected by the Council at the end of the bridge, with the help of funds received from RTA. Along with this, the ranger of the Council patrolled the area on, as well as around the bridge, in a timely manner. This is in addition to the awareness and knowledge of the Council regarding the widespread practice of the youth diving, as well as, jumping in the river from this bridge, even though the signs were present and the activities of the rangers were continued (Stewart Monahan, 2008). The key point in this case is that RTA was well aware about the fact that the young people were repeatedly diving of the bridge. This made the risk of a serious injury more obvious and apparent for RTA. Moreover, RTA should have clearly been aware about the ineffectiveness of the pictographic signs as they failed in prohibiting the people from diving. The majority of visitors to the bridge were youth people or children, and RTA could not make an assumption that such young people would be able to take care of their safety in a reasonable manner. The jumping off the bridge was an allurement and gained excitement for the kids, which led to the increase in chances of this risk. Hence, RTA was required to apply a standard of care towards the visitors, and should have exercised higher number of measures, due to being an authority which controlled the land, where the natural features of this land, formed as a grave danger for the visitors (Gleeson et al 2007). The signs which restricted the diving into the river, had to explain and emphasis in an express manner, the nature of danger, which could have resulted in the signs being more effective than they actually were, or than they were actually proposed to be. This would have been a reasonable and even an inexpensive step on part of RTA, which should have been adopted to take the requisite measures to stop the kids. There was also an absence of a triangular top to the fence, which could have stopped the plaintiff or the other kids from diving into the river. Further, if the same had been combined with a fence as is found in pool, along with a different sign, the accident could have been possibly prevented (Gleeson et al 2007). Failing to weigh the magnitude of risk, along with the degree of probability that such an incident could take place, the RTA failed in their duty of care. It was the duty of RTA and the Council to warn the individual who jumped in the river, from the bridge, to warn them in an effective manner, of the dangers of doing the same. The defendants could not simply ignore the fact that the signs were being utterly disregarded, Marketing deemed it necessary on them, to take further steps in this regard, in manner of putting different warning signs, which were actually effective, modifying or otherwise amending the bridge, so that the injuries to the plaintiff or the risk of injury to others, could have been avoided (Gleeson et al 2007). Summary of Case In this case, both the plaintiff, and the defendant were held as guilty. The defendant was held as being negligent and the plaintiff was considered to have been indulged in contributory negligence, as he ignored the signs which were erected. Moreover, the judges held that a reasonable person, who was the age of plaintiff, would have understood in an obvious manner, that jumping or diving in the river could prove as fatal or risky. A prudent 14.5 year old child would have known that that dive was not only dangerous but also could lead to injuries which would be catastrophic in nature. There was a presence obvious risk as per Division 4 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). Moreover, as per Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490 (CP), the plaintiff failed to take the reasonable care (Parliament, 2007). In the quoted case, Menlove had failed in paying heed to the warning given by others and hence, he was held to have breached the duty of care, which led to him being negligent (Commonwealt h Legal Information Institute, 2017). In this case, an amount of $840,000 was awarded to the plaintiff by the Supreme Court of NSW. However, the plaintiff was held to have contributed towards to his injuries by 25% and hence, the awarded damages, were reduced by this percentage. The damages had to be paid in 80% by the RTA and 20% by the Council for their negligence (Glendenning, 2017). When an appeal was made in the NSW Court of Appeal, it was upheld against this particular decision made against the council, though the appeal of decision against RTA was dismissed. Further, the NSW Court of Appeal increased the percentage of contributory negligence of the plaintiff from 25 to 50. An appeal was made to the High Court of Australia against RTA. And on this, a cross appeal was made by the plaintiff for the increase in contributory negligence (OGrady, 2007). The cross appeal was dismissed and the appeal of RTA was upheld by the High Court. The court was of the view that the duty of care, pertaining to a reasonable exercise of care, does not put a compulsion or duty for preventing a conduct which could be potentially harmful. It was also established by the court that the duty of RTA was only to make certain that the road was safe for the users, who were taking the requisite care, which was reasonable on their part, towards their own safety. By erecting the no diving signs, the court held that RTA had acted in a reasonable manner towards the risk. And it was also held that it was not required on part of RTA to erect the fences in order to stop the people from jumping or diving into the river from the bridge (Sykes, 2008). Through this verdict, the approach taken in Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40 by the High Court, and which was later on reaffirmed in Wyong Shire Council v Vairy (2005) 223 CLR 422, regarding the breach of duty being considered in the light of the view of a prudent individual, for avoiding the risk of injury (Gleeson et al 2007). Conclusion This case acts as a landmark verdict in not only the contributory negligence of an individual, but also brings an approach that the response to risk on being reasonable on part of defendant, had to be considered in cases of negligence. And so, instead of applying the stringent requirement of preventing the injury, the reasonableness has to be considered. And aptly, the plaintiff and defendant were held as 50% liable towards the injury received by the plaintiff. References Bailey, J. (2016). Construction Law (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. (2017). Vaughan v Menlove. Retrieved from: https://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1837/424.pdf Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Gleeson, C.J., et al. (2007). Australia: Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW -v- Dederer [2007] HCA 42. Retrieved from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/51912/cycling+rail+road/Roads+and+Traffic+Authority+of+NSW+v+Dederer+2007+HCA+42 Glendenning, B. (2017). Great Lakes Shire Council v Dederer Anor: Roads Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer Anor [2006] NSWCA 101. Retrieved from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/2084/obvious-risks-of-dangerous-recreational-activites-.aspx Hearsay. (2007). High Court of Australia Judgments - Summary Notes. Retrieved from: https://www.hearsay.org.au/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=181Itemid=45 Hemming, A. (2007). Roads And Traffic Authority Of New South Wales V Dederer: 20/20 Hindsight Or An Accident Waiting To Happen? A Timely Opportunity To Revisit And Reappraise Shirt. Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULawRw/2007/3.pdf High Court of Australia. (2007). Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer [2007] HCA 42. Retrieved from: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2007/HCA/42 Jenkins, L. (2007). Litigation Dispute Resolution. Retrieved from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/ldr/fodrsep07.htm Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. OGrady, P.T. (2007). Roads And Traffic Authority Of NSW V Dederer [2007] HCA 42 | 30 August 2007. Retrieved from: https://peterogrady.com.au/2014/08/30/roads-and-traffic-authority-of-nsw-v-dederer-high-court-of-australia-30-august-2007/ Parliament. (2007). Roads And Traffic Authority Of New South Wales V Dederer And Another. Retrieved from: https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/archive/council/publicland/Transcripts/%5B2007%5D%20HCA%2042.pdf Sappideen, C., at al. (2009). Torts, Commentary and Materials (10th ed.). Pyrmont: Lawbook Co, pp. 390-6. Stewart, P., Monahan, G. (2008). Roads And Traffic Authority Of New South Wales V Dederer. Melbourne University Law Review, 32, 739-761. Sykes, P. (2008). Waiver of Legal Professional Privilege. Retrieved from: https://www.ags.gov.au/publications/litigation-notes/LitNote17.htm The Federation Press. (2007). Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales v Dederer. Retrieved from: https://www.federationpress.com.au/pdf/RTA_v_Dederer.pdf

The Scientific Revolution and Renaissance and Reformation Example For Students

The Scientific Revolution and Renaissance and Reformation What factors helped bring about the Scientific Revolution? People questioned traditional learning and observed nature for themselves. Translations of classical texts exposed scholars to new ideas,. Discoveries by explorers showed that accepted ideas could be wrong. How did the work of Copernicus lead to a new view of the universe? It introduced a heliocentric (sun at the center) theory about the universe vs. the Bible driven belief of a geocentric (earth at the center) universe. How did Kepler and Galileo improve upon Copernicuss theory? Kepler identified the orbits of the planets were ellipses (ovals) not circluar as Copernicus had thought. Galileo used a telescope to apply his understanding of motion and further validate Copernicuss heliocentric theory. His observations of Venus helped confirm it. What were Newtons contributions to the Scientific Revolution? The law of gravity was his main contribution. Main scientists had observed planets moving around the sun but this theory finally explained why. Outline the steps of the scientific method. Why do modern scientists still use this method today? 1)State a question or problem 2)Form a hypothesis 3)Design and conduct an experiment the test the hypothesis 4)Measure the results of the test 5)Analyze the results to determine if the hypothesis is correct This method is still used today because it allows one scientist to repeat or compare tests under consistant techniques. How did scientists like Descartes and Newton explain that science could coexist with traditional religious beliefs? They used science to help explain the world God had made. What key inventions were made during the Scientific Revolution? How did these inventions increase scientists understanding of nature? Telescopes, microscopes, barometers and thermometers were all inventions of the scientific revolution. They allowed scientist to see everything from bacteria to plants and to measure everything from pressure to temperature. These tools provided scientific explanations for previous observations. What was Copernicuss theory about the sun and planets? How was it different from what people believed before? He believed that the sun was the center of the universe. At that time it was commonly believed that the earth was the center. Why do you think most people were unwilling to believe Copernicuss theory? The Bible stated that the earth was the center of the universe and if this truth was wrong people could cast doubt on other teachings of the church. What were some of the important discoveries Galileo made with his telescope? The moons surface was rough and uneven. Moons orbitting Jupiter. Venus had phases. How did Galileos discoveries help support the heliocentric theory? The showed that not only could planets orbit the sun but that moons can orbit planets. Why do you think church leaders felt so threatened by Galileos support of the heliocentric theory? If a major teaching (like the earth being the center of the universe) could be disproved then any teaching from the church could be challenged. What was the basic idea behind Newtons law of gravity? All physical objects had a force of attraction between them. How did Newtons work support the earlier work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo? It offered a mathmaticall/scientific explanation for what earlier scientists had observed but could not explain. What are the steps of the scientific method? 1)State a question or problem 2)Form a hypothesis 3)Design and conduct an experiment the test the hypothesis 4)Measure the results of the test 5)Analyze the results to determine if the hypothesis is correct What were some key scientific tools developed during the Scientific Revolution? Microscope, barometer, thermometer, telescope. What impact did the scientific revolution? It marked a major shift in how people thought about the natural world. When did the scientific revolution begin? When Copernicus proposed the idea that Earth and the other planets traveled around the sun. How did Kepler further the revolution? By correctly describing the planets orbits How did Galileo further the revolution? His discoveries supported Copernicans heliocentric theory. How did Newton further the revolution? His law of gravity explained by planets orbited the sun and that the same laws applied everywhere in the universe. Who helped shape the scientific method? Bacon and Descartes. Renaissance Movement following the Middle Ages that centered on revival of the interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; French word meaning rebirth Humanists People who specialize in studying the humanities, which includes grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. They believed it was important to understand how things worked; emphasized education. They viewed life as preparation for the afterlife, but also as a joy. Reformation Religious revolution that split the church in western Europe and created a number of new churches. , a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches Counter-Reformation Attempt by the Catholic Church, following the Reformation, to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters., attempted to stop the migration of Catholics to Protestant religions by reforming the issues from within the Church. Indulgences Paid pardons from punishment for sin. Theocracy Government ruled by religious leaders claiming Gods authority. Diet of Worms A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw. Council of Trent Meeting of Church leaders in the 1500s. to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Counter-Reformation. Printing Press A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. Machiavelli Machiavelli wrote The Prince: described government in ideals; ruthless leadership necessary. (Could be considered a Humanist) Petrarch Sonnets depict daily life, love Leonardo DaVinci The Renaissance man, a painter, engineer, scientist, inventor and sculptor. Famous for the Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper. ; Used mathematics to organize his paintings. (Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Visitation) Titian Assumption of the virgin Michelangelo An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà  , painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peters Basilica, designing its famous dome. (biblical figures) Raphael Madonnas, Cherubs, WSchool of Athens Johannes Gutenberg German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press. Martin Luther a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Thomas More He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. What are three causes of the Renaissance? *Trade with Byzantines, Africa, and Asia. New wealth from trade causes people to become patrons of the arts. *Humanism: Revival of Classical thought, verify truth through investigation, Education, great power of individuals, based on Cristian teaching. How is the Renaissance different from the Middle Ages? More Advances in Science, Art, and Literature. New Ideas and the world was not centred around just God anymore. People began to think for themselves. Some of the greatest writers and artists lived during this time. What are the similarities and differences between Northern and Italian Renaissance for art? Both Italian Art and northern Art strived for realism. Italian art used Chiarosuro- light and dark, they were humanist, used sfumato blurred edges, glorified the human body, 3D, and they were religiously themed. (depicted beauty of gods) Northern art was less focussed on Greek/Rome idealism and less concerned about balanc/proportion, subjects were daily life not church, more criticism/reform on church, christian humanism. What are the similarities and differences between Northern and Italian Renaissance for Literature? Both the Northern and Italian Renaissance seemed to write much about daily life. Both Machiavelli and Thomas More wrote about the government. Machiavelli expressed it in ideals while More criticized it. Northern Renaissance Writers theme seemed to be daily life and criticism of the church. Petrarch also wrote about daily life but LOVE as well. How did the Renaissance Spread? increased trade of goods and ideas between European nations merchant traveling spread of universities printinig press writing in vernacular What characteristics and values were seen in Renaissance art? -realism + expression -perspective -classicism -emphasis on individualism -geometrical arrangement of figures -lights and shadowing soft edges -artists as personalitites/ celebs What impact did the Renaissance have on the church? They began to question the church. Protestant Reformation. What are the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation? Martin Luther, indulgences, Theses, led to calvinism, there were abuses in the church so they need to reform, protestant took over north Who was Martin Luther and how did he impact the world? reformist that belived in justification by faith alone; wrote 95 theses (attacked sale of indulgences); organizes Lutheran church in Germany. Excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church is 1521. How did Protestantism spread? -people want simpler church -some peopledissatisfied w/ both Catholicism and Lutheranism -Charles V tried to stop protestantism but was busy at war -1520-1530- new religious groups in Germany and Switzerland -nearly all of Northern German becomes Lutheran In what ways were Protestants and Catholics similar/different? Protestants believed that God viewed all people of faith equally. They both believed in God but the Protestants found things in the Church that were morally wrong. How did the Catholic Church Respond to the Reformation? The Catholic Church countered the Protestant Reformation by making its own reforms. They attemped to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters. Campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism. Pope Paul III worked to recieve a spiritual outlook on the Catholic Church brought inquisition to Rome. Catholics were banned from reading the listed books which were considered harmful to faith or morals.(Index of Forbidden Books) The Council of Trent defined the official Church position on matters of doctrine. Scientific Revolution Transformation in thinking that occurred during the 1500s and 1600s caused by scientific observation, experimentation and the questioning of traditional opinions. , the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned Heliocentric Theory developed by Copernicus that the sun is the center of the universe. Geocentric The Medieval Theory that the Sun and Planets moved around the Earth developed by Ptolemy. Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbuss voyages. Triangle Trade Europe sent fine goods to Africa, which sent slaves to North America, which sent raw material to Europe Atlantic Slave Trade the buying, transporting, and selling of africans for work in the americas Mercantilism Stated that countrys government should do all it could to increae the countrys wealth, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver they had. Tariff Tax on imported goods Treaty of Tordesillas In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. Line of Demarcation Imaginary north to south line running down the middle of the Atlantic and granted Spain the west of the line and Portugal the east Hernan Cortes Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) Francisco Pizzaro a Spainish explorer and conquistador who conquered the Incas in the 1520s and claimed all the land from Panama to Peru for Spain Galileo Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) helped prove heliocentric theory Francis Bacon English statesman and philosopher; came up with scientific method. Copernicus Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe Kepler This mathematician and astronomer helped prove the sun-centered theory of the universe and said that planets orbited the sun in an eliptical manner Isaac Newton English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. What are the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution? Causes: Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, modern day knowledge. Caused people to question old beliefs. 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