Primary Neurological Brain Abnormalities And Individuals...

Introduction There are primary neurological brain abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. According to Fusar-Poli (2009), schizophrenia is delineated by prefrontal activity and elevated striatal dopaminergic functions. These elevations in striatal dopamine activity and prefrontal cortical dysfunctions (Fusar-Poli, 2009). Along with other abnormalities in white matter as well as, having been observed in the right superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, adjacent to the right caudate head, right thalamus, left insula, left lentiform nucleus, left fusiform gyrus, and bilateral claustrum (Antonius, 2011). The study of these findings may assist us to understand their role in the severity of the schizophrenia disorder symptoms (Antonius, 2011). This research paper will provide an a comprehensive look of this disorder by providing the essential features, enhanced knowledge on neurological pathology, recent research on the field that aids in the comprehension of the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia, demographics including, prevalence rates, and gender differences, an extensive review of differential diagnosis, the use of anti-psychotic medication and therapy as forms of treatment, the etiology of the disorder from the biological and cognitive perspective. Although the key pathological features are white matter abnormalities that include global and focal volume reductions, hypodensities, reduced fractional anisotropy, and profoundShow MoreRelatedThe National Alliance Of Mental Illness1485 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders such as early onset schizophrenia. Each year approximately 7 out of 1,000 individuals worldwide are diagnosed with schizophrenia (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH, 2014). In the United States alone it is estimated 1% of the adult population lives with schizophrenia every day. Although, most commonly diagnosed in adult males, schizophrenia can affect all individuals regardless of sex, age, or ethnic group. Kolb and Whishaw (2015) define schizophrenia as the â€Å"behavioral disorderRead MoreCognitive Dysfunction Relating to Schizophrenia Essay2514 Words   |  11 PagesCognitive Dysfunction Relating to Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is often a chronic relapsing psychotic disorder that disrupts normal thought, speech, and behavior. It is a cluster of severe prolonged mental disturbances that â€Å"...is by far the most chronic and disabling of the major mental disorders. This disease may be one disorder, or it may be many disorders, with different causes† (Andreasen Schutlz, 1999). It is a disease that makes it difficult for a person to tell the difference betweenRead MoreThe Physiology Of Schizophrenia During Childhood Disorders2237 Words   |  9 PagesThe Physiology of Schizophrenia In today’s society the idea of mental illness has grown exponentially. To those who have various disorders, it might seem like the end of the world; however, some of these disorders can be managed quite well allowing the individual to live a somewhat normal and productive life. Mental illnesses range from childhood disorders such as ADHD all the way to disorders in the old age such as dementia. While some of these disorders are more severe than others, they allRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Disorder On The Individual s Life1641 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many causes that are liked to an emotional disorder. From a cognitive perspective, it is well known that when there is some type of impairment in certain brain areas then there is a large change that there is a mental illness present in the individual’s life. A person’s cognitive skills are necessary and fundamental for elements such as: attention, information processing, as well as memory, and critica l thinking. This means that a cognitive disorder would have an impact on the person’sRead MoreVitamin Deficiencies and Psychiatric Illnesses1459 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with psychiatric illnesses either by being the primary cause or an exacerbating factor. Psychiatric symptoms could also lead to poor nutrition. Vitamin deficiencies may play a role in compromising patient recovery. Vitamins are organic substances essential for several enzymatic functions. There are 13 known vitamins which are either fat soluble (4 vitamins i.e. KEDA) or water soluble (9 vitamins i.e. C, the B group). Regarding brain function, B vitamins are essential in the maintenanceRead MoreWhite Matter Psychology Essay5960 Words   |  24 PagesWhite Matter Abnormalities and Animal Models Examining a Putative Role of Altered White Matter in Schizophrenia Haiyun Xu  1 ,*  and  Xin-Min Li  2 Author information  ?  Article notes  ?  Copyright and License information  ? This article has been  cited by  other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting about 1% of the population worldwide. Although the dopamine (DA) hypothesis is still keeping a dominant position in schizophrenia research, new advances have beenRead MoreSchizophrenia Essay2662 Words   |  11 Pagesfocuses on the diagnosis of schizophrenia, a major mental illness with much stigma and misinformation associated with it. World Health Organisation (WHO, 2012) epidemiological evidence suggests that schizophrenia is a mental illness affecting 24 million people worldwide. This essay will define schizophrenia and its characteristic signs and symptoms in relation to cognition, mood, behaviour and psychosocial functioning. The criteria enabling a diagnosis of schizophrenia are explored, as well as contemporaryRead MoreSchizophrenia: Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay2472 Words   |  10 Pages Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that affects the cognitive functions of an individual. The cause of this illness is unknown, but there are several theories of how an individual may acquire schizophrenia. Because there are many symptoms of the disease and because the symptoms can vary quite dramatically among several individuals and even within the same individual over time, the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be quite difficult. In the United States and Europe, schizophrenia occursRead MoreBeing Diagnosed With A Mental Disorder2946 Words   |  12 Pagesdiagnosed with a mental disorder is common nowadays, however, schizophrenia is not as common as depression or anxiety illnesses. Only 1% of the world’s population suffers with schizophrenia but it is a serious disease of the mind (Myers). Because of how schizophrenia takes ahold of the human mind, it is an interesting illness. Through the novel Swallow the Ocean and the television show 20/20 Haywire: Children Living with Schizophrenia, the lives of families are depicted to give a better understandingRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Abnormal Psychology2700 Words   |  11 PagesHansell 2008) there are six fundamental concepts that offer analysts with a definition that is relatively more accurate for the study: The continuum between normal and abnormal behaviour. Cultural and historical relativism in defining and classifying abnormality, the advan tages and limitations of diagnosis, the principle of mutual causality, the connection between time and body. Modern-day theorists understanding of abnormal psychology needs consideration of the theoretical model, origins and evolution

The Influence of Imperialism on Racism - 818 Words

This course is a great opportunity to explore the impact of imperialism. From this course, I learnt that imperialism contributed to the growth of racial discrimination. On one hand, in order to maximize profit by establishing colonies in Africa and Asia, western countries claimed that colored people were inferior and should be subjected to the whites’ control. On the other hand, imperialism led to the occurrences of wars, which caused the whites’ prejudice that black soldiers could not regulate themselves without the direction of white officers. The article The African Roots of War by W.E.B. Du Bois and the article The Rough Riders by Theodore Roosevelt can support my point of view. In the 19th century, western countries began to expand the economy through imperialist methods such as colonization. In order to justify their seemed inhuman behaviors, imperialist countries labeled residents of their colonies as savages who were doomed to be governed by whites. At this time , industrialization not only helped capitalists to accumulate a huge amount of wealth but also increased the economic gap between the rich and the poor. Therefore, the poor were dissatisfied and demanded to get more profits. Meanwhile, Du Bois regarded the 19th century as the century of â€Å"democracy† and the 20th century as the century of â€Å"socialization of wealth† (The African Roots of War). As he believed, since the late 19th century, the voice of common people was much stronger than ever before, and laborersShow MoreRelatedBurmese Days1142 Words   |  5 PagesRacism in Burmese Britain owned many colonies throughout the 1800’s including Burma. While the British were able to manufacturing raw materials from Burma until the early 1900’s, British Imperialism would forever influence the Burmese Natives. In George Orwell book â€Å"Burmese Days,† racism is one example of this British Imperialism influence. British Imperialism allowed the use of racism to influence the European Club members and British military. Some British authority used racism to diminish theRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesevents are talked about. That just shows what imperialism causes. Imperialism is when a dominant country seeks to increase their size and forces (either by war or diplomacy) a smaller country to submit to their rule. The Age of Imperialism began in the 1870s and went until World War 1. During this time imperialism was very prevalent and the events that took place during this time had lasting effects and still affect us to this day. While imperialism could be seen as beneficial, especially to theRead MoreImperialism And Its Effects On America1370 Words   |  6 PagesAshley Mooney Global Crisis October 2015 Imperialistic Racism Imperialism is nearly unheard of today, because historically it emerges from and promotes racist ideologies. Though some would argue the practice is progressive, the accomplishments of Imperialism are enormously out-weighed by the damage it has done. Often it resulted in the deaths of innocent people, occasionally millions, as was the case in the Congo in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the early Americas in the 15th andRead MoreAmerican Imperialism : America s Quest For Dominance1223 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican imperialism that lasted over a century, during the time; genocides and countless death are milestones in America’s quest for dominance. I am defining American imperialism is the policy expand one’s influence through economic, democratic or military force with the belief of the benefit to the country. American imperialism plays in important role through history as the cause of not only the genocides of the Native Americans, but the ultimate cause of the holocaust and even racism. The destructionRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words   |  5 Pagesstory, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evident throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages† and with the lack of dialogue for Congolese characters. Throughout the story, Conrad seems to suggest that imperialism and colonialism rise from greed, power struggle, andRead MoreImperialism in the 19th century1746 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat deal of Imperialism in the 19th century, led by mostly westerners from Europe. Imperialism is the act in which one nation extends its rule over another. Imperialism had a substantial effect on the 19th century throughout the entire world by bringing upon changes to many different countries, for better and for worse, especially to Africa. Prior to the nineteenth century, westerners did interfere with many of the affairs of nations outside of their boarders, so signs of imperialism are shown manyRead MoreFascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan1741 Words   |  7 Pages Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan all shared a global concept of fascism where the willingness to create a collective conscious of nationhood was justified through imperialism. Indeed, the importance of nationalism within Fascist culture would greatly affect the foreign policies of Italy, Germany, and Japan during the 1930s and 1940s. World War one had brought about revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, and technology, where the advent of total war and mass mobilizationRead MoreAn Area Is Not A Simple Process1620 Words   |  7 Pageswill examine the effects of decolonisation by drawing an outline of the causes that led to the decline of European Imperialism in Africa. The assessment will be focusing on the continua tions and disparities following the period of Long Depression at the end of the nineteenth century, which included the Scramble for Africa† and the political dissecting of the continent. Imperialism is the extension of a country s eminence into foreign territories and can be conducted by various means. The countriesRead MoreIndia s Break From The British Raj1652 Words   |  7 Pagesyears of school I have never learned too much about it and had always wondered why there was such a heavy British influence there. Little did I know, this English influence began long before I imagined and will mostly likely continue to exist for quite some time. Furthermore, I have chosen to research and write about India’s break from the British Raj (rule) of almost 100 years of imperialism. The leader I chose in this movement that proved to be extremely significant for its success is Mahatma GandhiRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: From Europe to The West1514 Words   |  7 PagesEarly in the twentieth century, imperialism was brought up by European powers of the time; Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These nations were after raw materials in Asia, Africa, and South Ame rica and when they realize that they could not retrieve it, they began to colonize smaller counties that contain the many resources they need and used it for their benefit. Western values played a big part in European imperialism. European civilization experienced a period of extraordinary rapid

Negligence Is Considered As Breachâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Business Law Assignment? Answer: Introduction Negligence is considered as a breach of duty of care, which results in the other person incurring loss or injury, due to the actions of the breaching party (Latimer, 2012). For making a claim of negligence, there has to be a duty of care, the breach of duty, the resulting injury, direct causation between the injury and breach of duty, the foreseeability of loss and the loss being not too remote (Bailey, 2016). Only when these elements are present, can a successful claim be made for negligence. And only then the claim for damages can be made. However, there are cases, where the amount of damages awarded to the plaintiff, are reduced. One of such incidents takes place when a case of contributory negligence is established, as per which, the plaintiff himself is held as a contributing factor for the injuries received by him (Gibson Fraser, 2014). The case of Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer [2007] HCA 42, is one of such cases, where both of these principle where held as being present by the court (Sappideen et al. 2009). In the following parts, a summary of this case has been presented, along with the claims made by the plaintiff. Facts of Case In the case of RTA v Dederer, Mr. Dederer was a 14 year old boy, who was the plaintiff in this. He had dived off the Forster/Tuncurry Bridge, as a result of which he was rendered a paraplegic. This particular area was a famous Accounting amongst the tourist and since past few years, the same had been used by the youth to jump and dive frequently, into the estuary below, off the bridge. Since the plaintiff was a child, he had spent his holidays in this area and had observed the children, as well as, the adults indulging in jumping or diving in the river from the bridge and that too frequently (The Federation Press, 2007). The plaintiff knew that the estuary was prone to tidal action, specially the particular area. And he also knew that the depth of the water could drop in a sudden manner at the sandbars edge. Along with this, he knew that the water was very deep in the channel. But due to the flow of water under the bridge, the depth of the water could not be judged easily. When the plaintiff dived into the river from the bridge, his head was struck over the sandbar, as a result of which, he became paraplegic (Hemming, 2007). There was a presence of pictography signs when an individual approached the bridge, which prohibited diving and the wordings of these restricted the climb over the bridge. Even though these signs were seen by the plaintiff, he ignored the same. There was a clear evidence to show that RTA knew that people humped off this bridge frequently. And yet the only step RTA took was to confer with police so that the same could be prevented. Though, the prohibition against jumping did not bear any fruit. The pictorial signs were replaced by the RIA with No Diving signs and yet the same could not prove as much help (Jenkins, 2007). And the jumping by people off the bridge was continued. No accidents have occurred in the past with regards to the diving off the bridge. Upon being asked that the signs prohibited diving and yet the plaintiff jumped, he replied that the signs only asked not to jump and did not warn him about the dangers of jumping in the river. As a result of this incident, claims we re initiated by the plaintiff against RTA and Great Lakes Shire Council owing to their negligence (High Court of Australia, 2007). Plaintiffs Claim It is quite clear in this case that the RTA owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff, as they failed to warn the plaintiff about the danger of the variable depth of the water, which was below the bridge (Hearsay, 2007). Moreover, this duty of care was also breached as RTA failed in installing a redesigned railing alongside the pedestrian walkway over the bridge. As the RTA was the statutory successor to the body, which constructed the bridge initially, i.e., the New South Wales Department of Main Roads, it made the RTA responsible for the maintenance of the bridge, as being the part of the NSW main road (Stewart Monahan, 2008). The plaintiff would also like to raise the issue that the bridge, in the manner in which it was both constructed and being maintained, constitutes a huge danger, due to the railing being horizontal, as opposed to being vertical, along with having a flat top railing, which made it relatively easy for the individuals to climb upon these railing, and consequently diving into or jumping in the river. It is accepted by the plaintiff that there was a clear presence of pictograph signs at both of the ends of the bridge, which restricted the diving into the river, and the plaintiff acknowledges to have seen the same. However, the plaintiff would like to clarify that these particular signs are not adequate in nature. This is because these pictographic signs should have acted as a warning to the plaintiff to the dangers of the variable depth of water, which was present below the bridge (Stewart Monahan, 2008). Even though the proceedings were only initiated against RTA, the plaintiff would request the court to join to these proceedings the Great Lakes Shire Council, as it was the roads authority, as a result of which, they were partially responsible for the bridge. The plaintiff would also like to the notice of the court that only a few years ago, the no diving signs were erected by the Council at the end of the bridge, with the help of funds received from RTA. Along with this, the ranger of the Council patrolled the area on, as well as around the bridge, in a timely manner. This is in addition to the awareness and knowledge of the Council regarding the widespread practice of the youth diving, as well as, jumping in the river from this bridge, even though the signs were present and the activities of the rangers were continued (Stewart Monahan, 2008). The key point in this case is that RTA was well aware about the fact that the young people were repeatedly diving of the bridge. This made the risk of a serious injury more obvious and apparent for RTA. Moreover, RTA should have clearly been aware about the ineffectiveness of the pictographic signs as they failed in prohibiting the people from diving. The majority of visitors to the bridge were youth people or children, and RTA could not make an assumption that such young people would be able to take care of their safety in a reasonable manner. The jumping off the bridge was an allurement and gained excitement for the kids, which led to the increase in chances of this risk. Hence, RTA was required to apply a standard of care towards the visitors, and should have exercised higher number of measures, due to being an authority which controlled the land, where the natural features of this land, formed as a grave danger for the visitors (Gleeson et al 2007). The signs which restricted the diving into the river, had to explain and emphasis in an express manner, the nature of danger, which could have resulted in the signs being more effective than they actually were, or than they were actually proposed to be. This would have been a reasonable and even an inexpensive step on part of RTA, which should have been adopted to take the requisite measures to stop the kids. There was also an absence of a triangular top to the fence, which could have stopped the plaintiff or the other kids from diving into the river. Further, if the same had been combined with a fence as is found in pool, along with a different sign, the accident could have been possibly prevented (Gleeson et al 2007). Failing to weigh the magnitude of risk, along with the degree of probability that such an incident could take place, the RTA failed in their duty of care. It was the duty of RTA and the Council to warn the individual who jumped in the river, from the bridge, to warn them in an effective manner, of the dangers of doing the same. The defendants could not simply ignore the fact that the signs were being utterly disregarded, Marketing deemed it necessary on them, to take further steps in this regard, in manner of putting different warning signs, which were actually effective, modifying or otherwise amending the bridge, so that the injuries to the plaintiff or the risk of injury to others, could have been avoided (Gleeson et al 2007). Summary of Case In this case, both the plaintiff, and the defendant were held as guilty. The defendant was held as being negligent and the plaintiff was considered to have been indulged in contributory negligence, as he ignored the signs which were erected. Moreover, the judges held that a reasonable person, who was the age of plaintiff, would have understood in an obvious manner, that jumping or diving in the river could prove as fatal or risky. A prudent 14.5 year old child would have known that that dive was not only dangerous but also could lead to injuries which would be catastrophic in nature. There was a presence obvious risk as per Division 4 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). Moreover, as per Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490 (CP), the plaintiff failed to take the reasonable care (Parliament, 2007). In the quoted case, Menlove had failed in paying heed to the warning given by others and hence, he was held to have breached the duty of care, which led to him being negligent (Commonwealt h Legal Information Institute, 2017). In this case, an amount of $840,000 was awarded to the plaintiff by the Supreme Court of NSW. However, the plaintiff was held to have contributed towards to his injuries by 25% and hence, the awarded damages, were reduced by this percentage. The damages had to be paid in 80% by the RTA and 20% by the Council for their negligence (Glendenning, 2017). When an appeal was made in the NSW Court of Appeal, it was upheld against this particular decision made against the council, though the appeal of decision against RTA was dismissed. Further, the NSW Court of Appeal increased the percentage of contributory negligence of the plaintiff from 25 to 50. An appeal was made to the High Court of Australia against RTA. And on this, a cross appeal was made by the plaintiff for the increase in contributory negligence (OGrady, 2007). The cross appeal was dismissed and the appeal of RTA was upheld by the High Court. The court was of the view that the duty of care, pertaining to a reasonable exercise of care, does not put a compulsion or duty for preventing a conduct which could be potentially harmful. It was also established by the court that the duty of RTA was only to make certain that the road was safe for the users, who were taking the requisite care, which was reasonable on their part, towards their own safety. By erecting the no diving signs, the court held that RTA had acted in a reasonable manner towards the risk. And it was also held that it was not required on part of RTA to erect the fences in order to stop the people from jumping or diving into the river from the bridge (Sykes, 2008). Through this verdict, the approach taken in Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40 by the High Court, and which was later on reaffirmed in Wyong Shire Council v Vairy (2005) 223 CLR 422, regarding the breach of duty being considered in the light of the view of a prudent individual, for avoiding the risk of injury (Gleeson et al 2007). Conclusion This case acts as a landmark verdict in not only the contributory negligence of an individual, but also brings an approach that the response to risk on being reasonable on part of defendant, had to be considered in cases of negligence. And so, instead of applying the stringent requirement of preventing the injury, the reasonableness has to be considered. And aptly, the plaintiff and defendant were held as 50% liable towards the injury received by the plaintiff. References Bailey, J. (2016). Construction Law (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. (2017). Vaughan v Menlove. Retrieved from: https://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1837/424.pdf Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Gleeson, C.J., et al. (2007). Australia: Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW -v- Dederer [2007] HCA 42. Retrieved from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/51912/cycling+rail+road/Roads+and+Traffic+Authority+of+NSW+v+Dederer+2007+HCA+42 Glendenning, B. (2017). Great Lakes Shire Council v Dederer Anor: Roads Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer Anor [2006] NSWCA 101. Retrieved from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/2084/obvious-risks-of-dangerous-recreational-activites-.aspx Hearsay. (2007). High Court of Australia Judgments - Summary Notes. Retrieved from: https://www.hearsay.org.au/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=181Itemid=45 Hemming, A. (2007). Roads And Traffic Authority Of New South Wales V Dederer: 20/20 Hindsight Or An Accident Waiting To Happen? A Timely Opportunity To Revisit And Reappraise Shirt. Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULawRw/2007/3.pdf High Court of Australia. (2007). Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer [2007] HCA 42. Retrieved from: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2007/HCA/42 Jenkins, L. (2007). Litigation Dispute Resolution. Retrieved from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/ldr/fodrsep07.htm Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. OGrady, P.T. (2007). Roads And Traffic Authority Of NSW V Dederer [2007] HCA 42 | 30 August 2007. Retrieved from: https://peterogrady.com.au/2014/08/30/roads-and-traffic-authority-of-nsw-v-dederer-high-court-of-australia-30-august-2007/ Parliament. (2007). Roads And Traffic Authority Of New South Wales V Dederer And Another. Retrieved from: https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/archive/council/publicland/Transcripts/%5B2007%5D%20HCA%2042.pdf Sappideen, C., at al. (2009). Torts, Commentary and Materials (10th ed.). Pyrmont: Lawbook Co, pp. 390-6. Stewart, P., Monahan, G. (2008). Roads And Traffic Authority Of New South Wales V Dederer. Melbourne University Law Review, 32, 739-761. Sykes, P. (2008). Waiver of Legal Professional Privilege. Retrieved from: https://www.ags.gov.au/publications/litigation-notes/LitNote17.htm The Federation Press. (2007). Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales v Dederer. Retrieved from: https://www.federationpress.com.au/pdf/RTA_v_Dederer.pdf

The Scientific Revolution and Renaissance and Reformation Example For Students

The Scientific Revolution and Renaissance and Reformation What factors helped bring about the Scientific Revolution? People questioned traditional learning and observed nature for themselves. Translations of classical texts exposed scholars to new ideas,. Discoveries by explorers showed that accepted ideas could be wrong. How did the work of Copernicus lead to a new view of the universe? It introduced a heliocentric (sun at the center) theory about the universe vs. the Bible driven belief of a geocentric (earth at the center) universe. How did Kepler and Galileo improve upon Copernicuss theory? Kepler identified the orbits of the planets were ellipses (ovals) not circluar as Copernicus had thought. Galileo used a telescope to apply his understanding of motion and further validate Copernicuss heliocentric theory. His observations of Venus helped confirm it. What were Newtons contributions to the Scientific Revolution? The law of gravity was his main contribution. Main scientists had observed planets moving around the sun but this theory finally explained why. Outline the steps of the scientific method. Why do modern scientists still use this method today? 1)State a question or problem 2)Form a hypothesis 3)Design and conduct an experiment the test the hypothesis 4)Measure the results of the test 5)Analyze the results to determine if the hypothesis is correct This method is still used today because it allows one scientist to repeat or compare tests under consistant techniques. How did scientists like Descartes and Newton explain that science could coexist with traditional religious beliefs? They used science to help explain the world God had made. What key inventions were made during the Scientific Revolution? How did these inventions increase scientists understanding of nature? Telescopes, microscopes, barometers and thermometers were all inventions of the scientific revolution. They allowed scientist to see everything from bacteria to plants and to measure everything from pressure to temperature. These tools provided scientific explanations for previous observations. What was Copernicuss theory about the sun and planets? How was it different from what people believed before? He believed that the sun was the center of the universe. At that time it was commonly believed that the earth was the center. Why do you think most people were unwilling to believe Copernicuss theory? The Bible stated that the earth was the center of the universe and if this truth was wrong people could cast doubt on other teachings of the church. What were some of the important discoveries Galileo made with his telescope? The moons surface was rough and uneven. Moons orbitting Jupiter. Venus had phases. How did Galileos discoveries help support the heliocentric theory? The showed that not only could planets orbit the sun but that moons can orbit planets. Why do you think church leaders felt so threatened by Galileos support of the heliocentric theory? If a major teaching (like the earth being the center of the universe) could be disproved then any teaching from the church could be challenged. What was the basic idea behind Newtons law of gravity? All physical objects had a force of attraction between them. How did Newtons work support the earlier work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo? It offered a mathmaticall/scientific explanation for what earlier scientists had observed but could not explain. What are the steps of the scientific method? 1)State a question or problem 2)Form a hypothesis 3)Design and conduct an experiment the test the hypothesis 4)Measure the results of the test 5)Analyze the results to determine if the hypothesis is correct What were some key scientific tools developed during the Scientific Revolution? Microscope, barometer, thermometer, telescope. What impact did the scientific revolution? It marked a major shift in how people thought about the natural world. When did the scientific revolution begin? When Copernicus proposed the idea that Earth and the other planets traveled around the sun. How did Kepler further the revolution? By correctly describing the planets orbits How did Galileo further the revolution? His discoveries supported Copernicans heliocentric theory. How did Newton further the revolution? His law of gravity explained by planets orbited the sun and that the same laws applied everywhere in the universe. Who helped shape the scientific method? Bacon and Descartes. Renaissance Movement following the Middle Ages that centered on revival of the interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; French word meaning rebirth Humanists People who specialize in studying the humanities, which includes grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. They believed it was important to understand how things worked; emphasized education. They viewed life as preparation for the afterlife, but also as a joy. Reformation Religious revolution that split the church in western Europe and created a number of new churches. , a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches Counter-Reformation Attempt by the Catholic Church, following the Reformation, to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters., attempted to stop the migration of Catholics to Protestant religions by reforming the issues from within the Church. Indulgences Paid pardons from punishment for sin. Theocracy Government ruled by religious leaders claiming Gods authority. Diet of Worms A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw. Council of Trent Meeting of Church leaders in the 1500s. to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Counter-Reformation. Printing Press A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. Machiavelli Machiavelli wrote The Prince: described government in ideals; ruthless leadership necessary. (Could be considered a Humanist) Petrarch Sonnets depict daily life, love Leonardo DaVinci The Renaissance man, a painter, engineer, scientist, inventor and sculptor. Famous for the Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper. ; Used mathematics to organize his paintings. (Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Visitation) Titian Assumption of the virgin Michelangelo An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà  , painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peters Basilica, designing its famous dome. (biblical figures) Raphael Madonnas, Cherubs, WSchool of Athens Johannes Gutenberg German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press. Martin Luther a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Thomas More He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. What are three causes of the Renaissance? *Trade with Byzantines, Africa, and Asia. New wealth from trade causes people to become patrons of the arts. *Humanism: Revival of Classical thought, verify truth through investigation, Education, great power of individuals, based on Cristian teaching. How is the Renaissance different from the Middle Ages? More Advances in Science, Art, and Literature. New Ideas and the world was not centred around just God anymore. People began to think for themselves. Some of the greatest writers and artists lived during this time. What are the similarities and differences between Northern and Italian Renaissance for art? Both Italian Art and northern Art strived for realism. Italian art used Chiarosuro- light and dark, they were humanist, used sfumato blurred edges, glorified the human body, 3D, and they were religiously themed. (depicted beauty of gods) Northern art was less focussed on Greek/Rome idealism and less concerned about balanc/proportion, subjects were daily life not church, more criticism/reform on church, christian humanism. What are the similarities and differences between Northern and Italian Renaissance for Literature? Both the Northern and Italian Renaissance seemed to write much about daily life. Both Machiavelli and Thomas More wrote about the government. Machiavelli expressed it in ideals while More criticized it. Northern Renaissance Writers theme seemed to be daily life and criticism of the church. Petrarch also wrote about daily life but LOVE as well. How did the Renaissance Spread? increased trade of goods and ideas between European nations merchant traveling spread of universities printinig press writing in vernacular What characteristics and values were seen in Renaissance art? -realism + expression -perspective -classicism -emphasis on individualism -geometrical arrangement of figures -lights and shadowing soft edges -artists as personalitites/ celebs What impact did the Renaissance have on the church? They began to question the church. Protestant Reformation. What are the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation? Martin Luther, indulgences, Theses, led to calvinism, there were abuses in the church so they need to reform, protestant took over north Who was Martin Luther and how did he impact the world? reformist that belived in justification by faith alone; wrote 95 theses (attacked sale of indulgences); organizes Lutheran church in Germany. Excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church is 1521. How did Protestantism spread? -people want simpler church -some peopledissatisfied w/ both Catholicism and Lutheranism -Charles V tried to stop protestantism but was busy at war -1520-1530- new religious groups in Germany and Switzerland -nearly all of Northern German becomes Lutheran In what ways were Protestants and Catholics similar/different? Protestants believed that God viewed all people of faith equally. They both believed in God but the Protestants found things in the Church that were morally wrong. How did the Catholic Church Respond to the Reformation? The Catholic Church countered the Protestant Reformation by making its own reforms. They attemped to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters. Campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism. Pope Paul III worked to recieve a spiritual outlook on the Catholic Church brought inquisition to Rome. Catholics were banned from reading the listed books which were considered harmful to faith or morals.(Index of Forbidden Books) The Council of Trent defined the official Church position on matters of doctrine. Scientific Revolution Transformation in thinking that occurred during the 1500s and 1600s caused by scientific observation, experimentation and the questioning of traditional opinions. , the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned Heliocentric Theory developed by Copernicus that the sun is the center of the universe. Geocentric The Medieval Theory that the Sun and Planets moved around the Earth developed by Ptolemy. Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbuss voyages. Triangle Trade Europe sent fine goods to Africa, which sent slaves to North America, which sent raw material to Europe Atlantic Slave Trade the buying, transporting, and selling of africans for work in the americas Mercantilism Stated that countrys government should do all it could to increae the countrys wealth, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver they had. Tariff Tax on imported goods Treaty of Tordesillas In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. Line of Demarcation Imaginary north to south line running down the middle of the Atlantic and granted Spain the west of the line and Portugal the east Hernan Cortes Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) Francisco Pizzaro a Spainish explorer and conquistador who conquered the Incas in the 1520s and claimed all the land from Panama to Peru for Spain Galileo Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) helped prove heliocentric theory Francis Bacon English statesman and philosopher; came up with scientific method. Copernicus Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe Kepler This mathematician and astronomer helped prove the sun-centered theory of the universe and said that planets orbited the sun in an eliptical manner Isaac Newton English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. What are the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution? Causes: Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, modern day knowledge. Caused people to question old beliefs. During the era of the Scientific Revolution, people began using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries. .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb , .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .postImageUrl , .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb , .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb:hover , .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb:visited , .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb:active { border:0!important; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb:active , .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ef3b801205f2b454b6998b9744373fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Historic Costume 1 (Middle Ages - Renaissance)Effects: New discoveries were made, old beliefs began to be proven wrong. 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Berlin Wall Crisis essays

Berlin Wall Crisis essays The rising and the falling of the Berlin Wall was an event that changed the world. It didnt just affect the people of Germany but it affected the world as a whole. As the first barbed-wire fences were put up on August 13, 1961, it was obvious that a wall was soon to be built. It was also obvious that this wall would have to become higher and higher and also more and more strong. It prevented eye-contact from a brother to a brother and also the possibility of tanks breaking through. But what was not obvious was that the all-escape-defying wall would be replaced by a massive wall. The GDR(German Democratic Republic), began under the leadership of Erich Honecker, to block off East Berlin and GDR from West Berlin . The streets were torn up and barricades of paving stones were built. The local subway and railway services between West and East Berlin were disrupted. People of East Berlin were not allowed to enter West Berlin. Sixty-thousand of them had commuted to West Berlin to work. On September 17, 1962, Peter Fechter was an eighteen year old that was a citizen of East Berlin. He bled to death after he was shot by East Berlin border patrols while he was attempting to escape over the wall. He was shot in the pelvis and was left to lie in the no-mans land between East and West Germany for nearly an hour as he bled to death. His cries of pain were left unanswered and this horrified many witnesses. His outcome showed how serious this Wall was and the cruelty the Wall created. More than 260 were killed trying to cross the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989. About three times that many were killed trying to escape west from elsewhere in Germany. The border between West and East Berlin was a total of 166 km. The border area looked pretty much as followed: First, there was a wall that was made up of concrete segments with a height of 4 m. Behind it (at the eastern side) the ...

Using Microwave Astronomy To Explore the Cosmos

Using Microwave Astronomy To Explore the Cosmos Not many people think about cosmic microwaves as they nuke their food for lunch each day. The same type of radiation a microwave oven uses to zap a burrito helps astronomers explore the universe. Its true: microwave emissions from outer space help give a peek back at the infancy of the cosmos.   Hunting Down Microwave Signals A fascinating set of objects emits microwaves in space. The closest source of nonterrestrial microwaves is our Sun. The specific wavelengths of microwaves that it sends out are absorbed by our atmosphere. Water vapor in our atmosphere can interfere with the detection of microwave radiation from space, absorbing it and preventing it from reaching Earths surface. That taught astronomers who study microwave radiation in the cosmos to put their detectors at high altitudes on Earth, or out in space.   On the other hand, microwave signals that can penetrate clouds and smoke can help researchers study conditions on Earth and enhances satellite communications. It turns out that microwave science is beneficial in many ways.   Microwave signals come in very long wavelengths. Detecting them requires very large telescopes because the size of the detector needs to  be many times greater than the radiation wavelength itself. The best-known microwave astronomy observatories are in space and have revealed details about objects and events all the way out to the beginning of the universe. Cosmic Microwaves Emitters The center of our own Milky Way galaxy is a microwave source, although its not so extensive as in other, more active galaxies. Our black hole (called Sagittarius A*) is a fairly quiet one, as these things go. It doesnt appear to have a massive jet, and only occasionally feeds on stars and other material that pass too close. Pulsars  (rotating neutron stars) are very strong sources of microwave radiation. These powerful, compact objects are second only to black holes in terms of density. Neutron stars have powerful magnetic fields and fast rotation  rates. They produce a broad spectrum of radiation, with the microwave emission being particularly strong. Most pulsars are usually referred to as radio pulsars because of their strong radio emissions, but they can also be microwave-bright. Many fascinating sources of microwaves lie well outside our solar system and galaxy. For example, active galaxies (AGN), powered by supermassive black holes at their cores, emit strong blasts of microwaves. Additionally, these black hole engines can create massive jets of plasma that also glow brightly at microwave wavelengths. Some of these plasma structures can be larger than the entire galaxy that contains the black hole. The Ultimate Cosmic Microwave Story In 1964, Princeton University scientists David Todd Wilkinson, Robert H. Dicke, and Peter Roll decided to build a detector to hunt for cosmic microwaves. They werent the only ones. Two scientists at Bell Labs- Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson- were also building a horn to search for microwaves. Such radiation had been predicted in the early 20th century, but no one had done anything about searching it out. The scientists 1964 measurements showed a dim wash of microwave radiation across the entire sky. It now turns out that the faint microwave glow is a cosmic signal from the early universe. Penzias and Wilson went on to win a Nobel Prize for the measurements and analysis they made that led to the confirmation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Eventually, astronomers got the funds to build space-based microwave detectors, which can deliver better data. For example, the Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (COBE) satellite  made a detailed study of this CMB beginning in 1989. Since then, other observations made with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) have detected this radiation. The CMB is the afterglow of the big bang, the event that set our universe in motion. It was incredibly hot and energetic. As the newborn cosmos expanded, the density of the heat dropped. Basically, it cooled, and what little heat there was got spread over a larger and larger area. Today, the universe is 93 billion light-years wide, and the CMB represents a temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin. Astronomers consider that diffuse temperature  as microwave radiation and use the minor fluctuations in the temperature of the CMB to learn more about the  origins and evolution of the universe. Tech Talk About Microwaves in the Universe Microwaves emit at frequencies  between 0.3 gigahertz (GHz) and 300 GHz. (One gigahertz is equal to 1 billion Hertz. A Hertz is used to describe how many cycles per second something emits at, with one Hertz being one cycle per second.) This range of frequencies corresponds to wavelengths between a millimeter (one-thousandth of a meter) and a meter. For reference, TV and radio emissions emit in a lower part of the spectrum, between 50 and 1000 Mhz (megahertz).   Microwave radiation is often described as being an independent radiation band but is also considered part of the science of radio astronomy. Astronomers often refer to radiation with wavelengths in the  far-infrared, microwave, and ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio bands as being part of microwave radiation, even though they are technically three separate energy bands.

How similar are the experiences of minority ethnic groups in the UK Essay

How similar are the experiences of minority ethnic groups in the UK labour market Give evidence for your answer - Essay Example Whites always had good percentage of people having better jobs as compared to non-whites. To be more specific, the major professional and managerial based jobs were mainly held by the whites. Non-whites found to have been struggling in the labour markets of UK and thus majority of non-whites either remained unemployed or self-employed. However, in the last decade, the dynamics of UK labour market has experienced significant improvements. These improvements have emerged as a result of increasing employment rates of minority ethnic groups especially Black Africans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis over a period of around 30 years (Cohen and Kennedy, 2007, p.16). The major reason behind this is the improvement in educational credentials and professional skills of these minority ethnic groups. Despite having such improvements, still the majority of jobs, attainments and occupational trainings are mainly provided to white British population and the other minority ethnic groups are found to hav e been obtaining jobs quite narrowly especially at managerial and professional level. With the increasing racial and discriminating practices prevailing in UK labour market, the gap between the whites and non-whites in labour market still exists effectively. Undoubtedly, tremendous amount of growth can be experienced in terms of non-white men getting closer to their white counterparts in getting jobs. However, this situation is quite disappointing in case of non-white women getting employed as compared to white women. For Pakistani and Bangladeshi women, the scenario of getting employment among women is worse than expected such that their employment rate is even blow 30%. Even though there are more bright prospects available for the minority ethnic groups in terms of achieving better jobs than before due to their higher educational professional background, yet their living conditions are unable to portray these bright prospects. As a result, the minority ethnic groups preferred to g et self employed rather than going after the managerial positions as the future prospects for the whites are readily available for them as compared to minority ethnic groups, most of them are Chinese and Indians. The other minority group comprising Pakistanis and Bangladeshis remained stick to their original preference of self employment such that they are mainly working under specific sectors which include small retail business, fast food restaurants and taxi driving occupations. The way these minority ethnic groups are viewed and perceived among UK social classes, is the major reason behind such discrimination that occurs with the minority ethnic groups in the labour market. Having non-British origin has created immense difficulties for those minority ethnic groups, due to which they are unable to reach at the higher executive level positions even though they are well equipped in terms of their educational background (Macionos and Plummer, 2008, p.22). Ethnicity itself has become a greater hurdle for the graduates belonging to minority ethnic groups to avail employment opportunities and getting higher positions in their jobs. Their efforts are declined even though they have tried to mitigate the impact of their ethnic background by acquire high quality education and training. Similarly, in terms of receiving salaries and earnings, minority ethnic g

Unruly Spider Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unruly Spider - Case Study Example The major problems lay in the fact that the subcontracted company worked with inadequate drawings and inadequate tools. There was not a clear order from the engineer and this should have been communicated more effectively. The 1 1/8-inch-diameter holes had a rough finish on the bore. The magnaflux mark was not clearly legible. The inspection department rejected it. Extra money must now be spent by Mr. Speed to get the right tools and additional labor to finish the job right. If he does not raise the price on each unit he could lose money. A. The gears that were rough cannot be repaired but they could possibly be recycled and the money received from that could go to furnishing new equipment to make the grinding operation more efficient. B. Mr. Speed could raise his price to compensate for his expenditures of over $25,000 in repairing the tooling and redo with order with finished bores. C. The old gears can be recycled to decrease the extra costs and Mr. Speed should raise his prices to compensate for the difference. D. The advantages of recycling the gears are that it will offset some of the cost and the disadvantage of this would be that the costs will not meet the total expenditures. Mr. Speed raising his price per unit could result in extinguishing his output and making him a profit. The disadvantage of this would be that the price per unit may not be economical for the customer. The best choice would be for Mr. Speed to raise his price per unit and receive his profit on the back end. The process of salvaging the rough bores is not economical because it would require the operation of expensive chrome plating. It is best to raise the price and get the necessary equipment needed to complete all future jobs efficiently.

Gothic stories Essay Example for Free

Gothic stories Essay Gothic is a word used in the twelfth century to denote certain types of architecture connected to the settings used by writers. Gothic fiction initiated as a genre in 1765 with Horace Walpoles novel Castle of Otranto. The majority of Gothic writers would take drugs which inspired them to put pen to paper and write about numerous Gothic features and produce their story. Normally characters are associated with odd or ritualistic behaviour often involving the supernatural. The Gothic Golden Age occurred between 1765 and 1844. Boundaries and limits are both established and challenged by both writers and characters. Tensions between the scientific and the supernatural are often made apparent. Examples of these Gothic features can be found in The Signalman, The Hand and The Dream Woman. Traditionally Gothic stories are set in castles, churches, darkness or other locations with a sense of evil. Gothic stories are mainly set at night to add an extra illusion of fear. Should a Gothic story be read in a dark room extra fear, tension, anxiety and anticipation would be inflicted upon the reader. This is because when a gothic tale is read in the dark there is a sense of someone or something watching you. Readers expectations when reading a Gothic tale are to read about elements of the supernatural, skeletal or ghostly images and pathetic fallacy. In The Signalman Dickens writes he was a dark sallow man, with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows. This quotation consists of an example of a ghostly, corpse like image. Dickens is Describing a ghostly figure. The Signalman written by Charles Dickens is a perfect example of a gothic setting. The story has many examples of unusual events. Dickens writes so steeped in the glow of an angry sunset. This quotation informs the reader that the sunset has a violent glow which is unusual for a sunset, the skyline is a deep blood red. The Signalman is set at the Signalmans hut where the cutting through the tunnel by the hut is unusually deep and gives a sense of foreboding to the reader. The tunnel is made through clammy stone, which became oozier and wetter as you walked to the tunnel and made anybody petrified to enter it. The Hand written by Guy De Maupassant uses great examples of death, a main gothic feature. De Maupassant writes I bent down close to the corpse and between his clenched teeth I found one of the fingers from that vanished hand. This quotation informs the reader that a finger from the missing hand has been found, but in what mysterious circumstances. Also in The Hand the hand itself is described with much detail. The writer states The fingers were abnormally long and were attached by enormous tendons to which fragments of skin adhered. In this quotation the writer is describing the hand in such ghoulish detail the reader has an image of a gruesome hand projected onto their minds which they will find hard to forget. A feature of gothic tradition is the use of dark colours to emphasize the evilness of gothic characters and buildings. In the novel The Dream Woman the writer says The flame diminished to a blue point and the room grew dark The effect of this quotation on the reader is that it adds extra fear and suspense due to the darkness. A main aspect of gothic tradition is elements of the supernatural. In The Hand the writer states I thought I saw the hand running like a spider. This is an example of elements of the supernatural because a hand running like a spider is beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature and not something any human would have seen. In conclusion gothic tradition is a fascinating subject because the use of dark descriptive language is effective in giving the reader a terrifying experience. Short stories are effective because the action is condensed and it all happens in a short space of time. There is less background information; all the descriptive paragraphs are there to give atmosphere, the spooky dark events. Short sentences have greater impact than longer ones, particularly when exclamation marks complete them.

Social Psychology Essay -- Psychology, Natural Science

There are many explanations for the origins of modern social psychology. It is therefore important to consider that social psychology cannot be traced back to one single source of origin (Burr, 2003). Hence, this is the reason why there are debates of what social psychology is. Allport (1985) described social psychology as the study an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours which are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others. As seen from this definition there is a direct link between social science and the individual psychology (Sewell, 1989). Social psychology cannot be seen as a linear phenomenon. This is because social psychology has been derived from a combination of influences. The development of social psychology can be discussed in two different ways. Firstly, social psychology is argued to be found upon political movements and social philosophies in the United Stated of America (US). Secondly, it can be argued that social psychology ha s developed in response to social and political needs. There have been debates regarding whether social psychology should be dealt as a natural science or not. The ideology of natural science is very important as it affects the way the social psychologist deals with the situations. For example, if there are specific scientific objectives then the study can be laboratory based and use experimental procedures in order to gain knowledge. Psychologists who use this positivistic method are classified as experimental social psychologists. On the other hand, critical-social psychologists have competed with the experimental-social psychologists. The strength of the critical-social psychologists is that they’ve used a range of different methods in research, and have... ...ocial psychology now has a great impact on social cognitive approach. Social cognition includes attribution, stereotypes, autism, (Striano & Reid, 2008). The European roots of social psychology have led to social constructionism and social representation. The modern social psychology is now constructed with the American and European doctrines. However, due to the political events and developing researches in social psychology, the disciple has only been able to contain within America (Cartwright, 1979). On the other hand, Gergen (1973) argued that social psychology cannot be interpreted as a science because social psychology is historically and culturally specific, which is the reason why the discipline is continuously changing. Critically speaking, there is an advantage of different approaches to social psychology, as it views dilemmas in different perspectives.

Beckett’s Main Themes Essay

Samuel Beckett explores the purposelessness of life, lack of meaning and memory in Waiting for Godot. Aspects such as repetition, change, recognition, blind faith, silences and pauses illustrated the forgetfulness and purposelessness of the lives of Vladimir and Estragon. ‘Waiting’ is doing both something and nothing simultaneously; Vladimir and Estragon recognize this which is why they are in search for something to ‘do’. VLADIMIR: We are happy. ESTRAGON: We are happy. (Silence.) What do we do now, now that we are happy? VLADIMIR: Wait for Godot. (Estragon groans. Silence.) Things have changed here since yesterday. ESTRAGON: And if he doesn’t come? VLADIMIR: (after a moment of bewilderment). We’ll see when the time comes. (Pause.)†¦ Their words are as empty and futile as their actions. There is a silence after they say that they’re â€Å"happy† which makes it apparent that they are just forcing the emotion on to themselves. The silence allows the audience to inquire if they really are happy and if their happiness is of value. Being happy doesn’t provide a function in life; Estragon wants to ‘do’ something now that they were supposedly happy. To ‘do’ something constructive is important to pass the time; the closest they can get to a functional action is to talk to each other. Having a purpose in life is probable to come with the emotion of happiness, since Estragon and Vladimir have convinced themselves to believe they encompass a purpose in life, they require the emotion of happiness to validate it. Rather than just telling Vladimir to ‘do’ something as they were â€Å"happy†, he asks him which is a technique to create conversation. The characters have blind faith in Godot, they don’t know what would happen if he didn’t come. Vladimir is bewildered when he comes to the moment of reality of contemplating that this being true would make their wait purposeless. He doesn’t want to admit that if Godot didn’t come then their long wait would have been for nothing, instead he says â€Å"We’ll see when the time comes†. This is a meaningless statement because if Godot never does come then the time will never come. However, Vladimir shows indication of acknowledging this when he starts talking about ‘change’ which is not only changing the subject but also implying that change in something proves that time is passing and that time will soon come. Moreover, towards the end of the extract when Estragon asks â€Å"What do we do now?† and Vladimir replies â€Å"Wait for Godot†. He ends the sentence there because he doesn’t know what would happen after h e did come and where their lives would lead. They show no reason to wait for Godot which highlights again the purposelessness of their lives. As Vladimir and Estragon are waiting, it is vital for time to pass and the thing to establish this is for things to change. VLADIMIR:†¦I was saying that things have changed here since yesterday. ESTRAGON; Everything oozes. VLADIMIR: Look at the tree ESTRAGON: it’s never the same pus from one second to the next VLADIMIR: The tree, look at the tree. The characters do not really have a conversation which follows in a logical pattern; they often misinterpret each other. Although the two pass their time, they pass it in ‘useless banter’ which is meaningless and gives their life no purpose. Estragon occasionally drifts off with his own thoughts but Vladimir brings him back to his. They both have their own ideas on change, Vladimir refers to the tree to prove that things have â€Å"changed† while Estragon notices ‘pus’ changing, even though they’re in their own individual worlds they both perceive a significance in ‘change’. Change is essential to them because they want assurance they have passed the time, and the only way to do so is to see change in their surroundings; change would also initiate some form of purpose. However, their dialogue in general dwells on their past and present which suggests that they are trapped in their current situation. The tree in the landscape helps illustrate a purpose because it is changing, it has to be changing for a purpose; Vladimir sees it as a sign of hope. There is only one tree rather than lots, this makes the landscape seem dull and gives a boring imagery. It is a symbol of life and contrasts with the bleak lifeless environment it’s in. Recognition comes conjointly with memory which Estragon doesn’t have. Estragon doesn’t find that there is any point in recognizing things. He says â€Å"what is there to recognize?†. Estragon lacks memory which is why he gets frustrated. He distinguishes physical things which he receives like Lucky kicking him and Pozzo giving him a bone. These things make a difference to Estragon which is why he remembers it. He realizes that he had just â€Å"crawled about in the mud† all his life which entails that he only recognizes the purposelessness of his life and the meaning it lacks. It is a commonly established idea that one’s experiences define a person. Vladimir says â€Å"He’s forgotten everything!† with regards to Estragon. Memory is important to them because what they went through yesterday was an accomplishment for them, if they can’t remember it then it is worthless. If Estragon can’t remember then Vladimir has no one to reminisce their achievement with, however reminding Estragon and describing it to him gives them something to talk about and passes the time. Since they both lack memory of most of their experiences, their individuality is unclear. Vladimir tries to compare the difference of their current landscape to the â€Å"Macon country† but Estragon fails to remember it, and derides at the word and states that he spent all his life in their current location, the â€Å"Cackon country†. The sound of the word is harsh and he says it as if it is meaningless to him even though that is where he is ‘Wa iting for Godot’, the place where they are establishing their decided purpose of life. Silences and pauses are uses to transport the meaning to the audience or reader; during the short intervals they realize the meaningless conversation Vladimir and Estragon indulge in. The two begin describing â€Å"All the dead voices† which â€Å"murmur†, â€Å"rustle†, â€Å"whisper† and â€Å"make a noise like feathers†. The silences are disseminated and their dialogues after each of the silences are repetitive which is parallel to their nearly reiterated everyday routine and dialogues. The silent and empty stage is filled with the sound of the ‘dead voices’; viewers are made to imagine the voices as Vladimir and Estragon describe them using similes. The dead voices contribute to the tedious mood of their lives; they argue over trivial things which is parallel to their depressed condition because they are too weak to make it better. The voices reflect the situation of the two characters, they murmur, rustle, whisper in their actions while they wait for Godot. Repetition of the dialogues conveys the forgetfulness of Vladimir and Estragon and their pointless lives. The extract begins with the characters speaking in ‘useless banter’ but as it nears towards the end of the extract, Vladimir and Estragon’s speech lessens and becomes quieter as they run out of things to say. This illustrates their life cycle, the beginning is a bustle of activity as they were younger and searching for a purpose and meaning for life, they did things like â€Å"pick grapes for a man† and go to â€Å"the Macon country†; but as they grow older, energy and enthusiasm decreases as they discover no purpose. Vladimir panics after the â€Å"Long silence†, because he doesn’t want to think of the reality of their situation; talking and actions distract their attention from reflection. Vladimir tells Estragon to â€Å"Say anything at all!† in â€Å"anguish†, he suffers a mental despair or distress if nothing is said or done because then he will apprehend the reality of their meaningless wait. It is as if their terrible actuality is in his subconscious mind which he keeps on pushing away. Estragon further confirms that the reason for their ‘useless banter’ is so they won’t â€Å"think†; language is utilized to neglect silence. To further emphasise their reiterated life, when they run out of things to say, they remind themselves of their purpose of their existence and the reason behind their endless wait which is to â€Å"Wait for Godot†.

Midterm study guide

The field of Organizational Behavior (B) Is performance-oriented. 2. Mary Foulest was opposed to Tailor's lack of specific attention to human needs and relationships In the workplace. 3. Individual performance Is the foundation of organization performance. 4. African-Americans are one of the fastest-growing groups in the U. S. Employee workforce, as are Asians and Hispanics. 5. A new industrial era began in the United States around the time of the Civil War. 6. A major goal of Capos is to treat its employees and customers with integrity, honesty, and commitment. 7.The formal and modern study of management started around 1900. 8. In 1886, an engineer named Frederick W. Taylor presented a paper on scientific management at a national meeting of engineers that was titled â€Å"The Engineer as an Economist. † 9. Tailor's major thesis was that maximum good for society can come only through the cooperation of management and labor In the application of scientific methods. 10. Managers must deal simultaneously with the Internal and external aspects of organizational behavior. 11. J. M. Curran and W. Edwards Deeming, In the sass's, introduced the Importance of quality to the public. . Managers derive power from both organizational and individual sources. 13. A psychological contract is unwritten agreement between an employee and the organization that specifies what each expects to give to and receive from the other. 14. One of the most powerful influences on individual performance is an organization's reward system. 15. Power is the ability to get someone to do something you want done, or to make things happen the way you want them to happen. 16. Measures of satisfaction include employee attitudes, turnover, absenteeism, tardiness, and grievances. 17.Common hysterical symptoms that are related to stress Include: Insomnia, excessive perspiration, nervousness, or irritability. Other answers may also be correct, such as overeating, weight gain, weight loss, nail ball ing, or headaches. 18. Describe the findings of the Hawthorne studies. Chapter 2 1. Organizations can achieve effectiveness only when employees share values. 2. The acceptance of unequal power differs across countries. 3. In countries in which people display high power distance, employees acknowledge the boss's authority and typically follow the chain of command.Although culture can't be seen, it can be ensued or felt through employees' attitudes, emotions, and perceptions. 5. The Southwest airlines approach is to hire for attitude and train the skill. 6. Research indicates that a majority of managers have had at least one mentoring relationship during their careers. 7. The values, norms, customs, and rituals of cultures are Influenced by politics, religion and language. 8. Hypotheses five value dimensions are power distance, Individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and long-term orientation. 9. The concept of uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which

The Life of Serial Killer Israel Keyes

The Life of Serial Killer Israel Keyes On March 16, 2012, Israel Keyes was arrested in Lufkin, Texas after he used a debit card that belonged to an 18-year-old Alaska woman that he killed and dismembered in February. During the following months, while awaiting trial for the murder of Samantha Koenig, Keyes confessed to seven other murders during more than 40 hours of interviews with the FBI. Investigators believe there are at least three more victims and possibly much more. Early Influences Keyes was born Jan. 7, 1978 in Richmond, Utah to parents who were Mormon and homeschooled their children. When the family moved to Stevens County, Washington north of Colville, they attended The Ark, a Christian Identity church which is known for racist and anti-Semitic views. During that time, the Keyes family was friends and neighbors with the Kehoe family. Israel Keyes was childhood friends of Chevie and Cheyne Kehoe, known racists who were later convicted of murder and attempted murder. Military Service At age 20, Keyes joined the U.S. Army and served at Fort Lewis, Fort Hood and in Egypt until he was honorably discharged in 2000. At some point during his young adult years, he rejected religion completely and proclaimed he was an atheist. Keyes life of crime had begun before he joined the military, however. He admitted to raping a young girl in Oregon sometime between 1996 and 1998 when he would have been 18 to 20 years old. He told FBI agents that he separated a girl from her friends and raped, but not killed her. He told investigators that he planned to kill her, but decided not to. It was the beginning of a long list of crimes, including burglaries and robberies that authorities are now trying to piece together into a timeline of Keyes criminal career. Sets up Base in Alaska By 2007, Keyes established Keyes Construction in Alaska and began working as a construction contractor. It was from his base in Alaska that Keyes ventured out into almost every region of the United States to plan and commit his murders. He traveled many times since 2004, looking for victims and setting up buried caches of money, weapons, and tools needed to kill and dispose of the bodies. His trips, he told the FBI, were not financed with money from his construction business, but from the money he got from robbing banks. Investigators are trying to determine how many bank robberies that he may have been responsible for during his many trips across the country. It is also unknown at what point Keyes escalated to committing random murders. Investigators suspect it began 11 years before his arrest, shortly after he left the military. Modus Operandi According to Keyes, his usual routine would be to fly to some area of the country, rent a vehicle and then drive sometimes hundreds of miles to find victims. He would set up and bury murder kits somewhere in the targeted area - stashing items like shovels, plastic bags, money, weapons, ammunition and bottles of Drano, to help dispose of the bodies. His murders kits have been found in Alaska and New York, but he admitted to having others in Washington, Wyoming, Texas and possibly Arizona. He would look for victims in remote areas like parks, campgrounds, walking trials, or boating areas. If he was targeting a home he looked for a house with an attached garage, no car in the driveway, no children or dogs, he told investigators. Finally, after committing the murder, he would leave the geographic area immediately. Keyes Makes Mistakes In February 2012, Keyes broke his rules and made two mistakes. First, he kidnapped and killed someone in his hometown, which he had never done before. Secondly, he let his rental car be photographed by an ATM camera while using a victims debit card. On Feb. 2, 2012, Keyes kidnapped 18-year-old Samantha Koenig who was working as a barista at one of the many coffee stands around Anchorage. He was planning to wait for her boyfriend to pick her up and kidnap both of them, but for some reason decided against it and just grabbed Samantha. Koenigs abduction was caught on video, and a massive search for her was conducted by authorities, friends, and family for weeks, but she was killed shortly after she was abducted. He took her to a shed at his Anchorage home, sexually assaulted her and strangled her to death. He then immediately left the area and went on a two-week cruise, leaving her body in the shed. When he returned, he dismembered her body and dumped it in Matanuska Lake north of Anchorage. About a month later, Keyes used Koenigs debit card to get money from an ATM in Texas. The camera in the ATM captured a picture of the rental car Keyes was driving, linking him to the card and the murder. He was arrested in Lufkin, Texas on March 16, 2012. Keyes Begins to Talk Keyes was originally extradited back from Texas to Anchorage on credit card fraud charges. On April 2, 2012, searchers found Koenigs body in the lake. On April 18, an Anchorage grand jury indicted Keyes for the kidnapping and murder of Samantha Koenig. While awaiting trial in the Anchorage jail, Keyes was interviewed for more than 40 hours by Anchorage police detective Jeff Bell and FBI Special Agent Jolene Goeden. Although he was not completely forthcoming with many details, he began to confess to some of the murders that he committed over the past 11 years. The Motive for Murder The investigators tried to determine Keyes motive for the eight murders to which he confessed. There were just times, a couple of times, where we would try to get a why, said Bell. He would have this term; he would say, A lot of people ask why, and I would be, like, why not? Keyes admitted to studying the tactics of other serial killers, and he enjoyed watching movies about killers, such as Ted Bundy, but he was careful to point out to Bell and Goeden that he used his ideas, not those of other famous killers. In the end, the investigators concluded that Keyes motivation was very simple. He did it because he liked it. He enjoyed it. He liked what he was doing, Goeden said. He talked about getting a rush out of it, the adrenalin, the excitement out of it. Trail of Murders Keyes confessed to the murders of four people in three different incidents in Washington state. He killed two individuals, and he kidnapped and killed a couple. He didnt provide any names. He probably knew the names, because he liked to return to Alaska and then follow the news of his murders on the Internet. He also killed another person on the East Coast. He buried the body in New York but killed the person in another state. He would not give Bell and Goeden any other details of that case. The Currier Murders On June 2, 2011, Keys flew to Chicago, rented a car and drove almost 1,000 miles to Essex, Vermont. He targeted the home of Bill and Lorraine Currier. He conducted what he called a blitz attack on their home, tied them up and took them to an abandoned house. He shot Bill Currier to death, sexually assaulted Lorraine and then strangled her. Their bodies were never found. A Double Life Bell believes the reason that Keyes gave them more details about the Currier murders was because he knew they had evidence in that case pointing to him. So he opened up more about those murders than he did the others. It was chilling to listen to him. He was clearly reliving it to a degree, and I think he enjoyed talking about it, Bell said. A couple of times, he would kind of chuckle, tell us how weird it was to be talking about this. Bell believes their interviews with Keyes were the first time he had ever talked with anyone about what he referred to as his double life. He thinks Keyes held back details of his other crimes because he didnt want members of his family to know anything about his secret life of crime. How many more victims? During the interviews, Keyes referred to other murders in addition to the eight to which he confessed. Bell told reporters that he thinks Keyes committed less than 12 murders. However, in trying to piece together a timeline of Keyes activities, the FBI released a list of 35 trips that Keyes made across the country from 2004 to 2012, in hopes that the public and local law enforcement agencies could match up bank robberies, disappearances and unsolved murders to times when Keyes was in the area. Talk Is Over On Dec. 2, 2012, Israel Keyes was found dead in his Anchorage jail cell. He had cut his wrists and strangled himself with a rolled-up bedsheet. Under his body was a blood-soaked, four-page letter written on yellow legal pad paper in both pencil and ink. Investigators could not make out the writing on Keyes suicide note until the letter was enhanced at the FBI lab.​ An analysis of the enhanced letter concluded that it contained no evidence or clues, but was merely a creepy Ode to Murder, written by a serial killer who loved to kill. The FBI concluded there was no hidden code or message in the writings, the agency said in a news release. Further, it was determined that the writings do not offer any investigative clues or leads as to the identity of other possible victims. We may never know how many people Israel Keyes killed.

Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses

Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses After reading the article on Subordination With Adjective Clauses, review the guidelines below and then complete the punctuation exercise that follows. Guidelines for Punctuating Adjective Clauses These three guidelines should help you decide when to set off an adjective clause (also called a relative clause) with commas: Adjective clauses beginning with that are never set off from the main clause with commas. Food that has turned green in the refrigerator should be thrown away. Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should not be set off with commas if omitting the clause would change the basic meaning of the sentence. Students who turn green should be sent to the infirmary. Because we dont mean that all students should be sent to the infirmary, the adjective clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence. For this reason, we dont set off the adjective clause with commas.Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should be set off with commas if omitting the clause would not change the basic meaning of the sentence. Last weeks pudding, which has turned green in the refrigerator, should be thrown away. Here the which clause provides added but not essential information, and so we set it off from the rest of the sentence with commas. Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses In the following sentences, add commas to set off adjective clauses that provide additional, but not essential, information. Dont add commas if the adjective clause affects the basic meaning of the sentence. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. Caramel de Lites which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts contain 70 calories each.These are the times that try mens souls.I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.I left my son at the campus day-care center which is available to all full-time students with young children.Students who have young children are invited to use the free day-care center.A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of her patients.Gus who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed has been exiled to the storm cellar for a week.Professor Legree lost his only umbrella which he has owned for 20 years.Healthy people who refuse to work should not be given government assistance.Felix who was once a hunter in the Yukon stunned the roach with one blow from a newspaper. Answers to Adjective Clauses Questions Caramel de Lites, which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts, contain . . ..(no commas)(no commas)Â  . . . day-care center, which is available to all full-time students with young children.(no commas)(no commas)Gus, who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed, has . . ... . . umbrella, which he has owned for 20 years.(no commas)Felix, who was once a hunter in the Yukon, stunned . . ..

Individuals for Group Dynamics in an Organization Essay

Individuals for Group Dynamics in an Organization - Essay Example Organizational Culture is subjective to the actions of a leader or in a way by which organizational policy is implemented. People react to those activities or social control, and then others follow their reaction with the people who are reacting. The organizational culture is preserved by the feelings linked to the reactions and also how people handle those emotions. Thus group dynamics play an important role in the organization. Group dynamics was developed by Mayo through his experiments conducted at the Hawthorne Company. The Hawthorne experiments which were conducted in during the 1930s by Mayo actually brought out the relationship on how groups and individuals reacted at work. Mayo actually proved that individuals go to work not only for money but something beyond that also. He argued that Taylor’s modernization (Taylor 1911; 1947), was breaking the worker from their feeling of belongings and self-worth at work and that new working practices were creating a form of anomie (Durkheim 1952). Mayo also accepted that workers would organize informally at work. Mayo also proved that managers did not always follow the rules and that there was much to be gained for them, for the company and for the individuals if workers were allowed some freedom to organize their working arrangements. Now it can be concluded that group dynamics should have the following characteristics for its success: It is very important that employees are considered as part of a group as well as individuals for group dynamics to work in an organization. When an employee is given status within a group it means more to him/her than pay and favourable working conditions.

Management Case Study on Sara Lee Corp Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management on Sara Lee Corp - Case Study Example What is your assessment of the long-term attractiveness of the industries represented by Sara Lee Corp’s business portfolio? Sara Lee Corp is represented in four industries: packaged meat products, retail coffee and tea, bakery products and household and body care products. In two of this industries, packaged meat products and retail coffee and tea, Sara Lee had huge market shares that is could leverage to sustain its profitability and thus retain their attractiveness. In the packaged meat industry Sara Lee held huge market shares in several categories within North America: 30% smoked sausage, 23% hotdogs, 14% lunch meat and 58% breakfast sausage (Thompson & Gamble, 2010). Given the aging of the US population and general mean rise in per capita incomes, we expect the demand for convenience food to remain high. In retail coffee and tea, Sara Lee held huge market shares in the US, a few European countries and Brazil. Furthermore, it also sold the most single-serving coffeemake rs in Europe. With the global retail coffee market expected to grow from $51billion in 2009 to $62 billion in 2013 we can presume the industry will remain very attractive to Sara Lee. The bakery products success was limited to Spain and the US. With Spain’s economy doing poorly and huge costs incurred in the US while to secure shelf space in US supermarkets we find the long-term attractiveness of this industry to be low. In the household and body care industry Sara Lee’s Kiwi harbors the greatest potential to long-term attractiveness given that it was the number one shoe care brand worldwide with a global market share of 30%. We believe that the firm could use the income it obtains from Kiwi to sustain the brand’s competitive advantage. What does a 9-cell industry attractiveness/business strength matrix displaying Sara Lee’s business units look like? What is your assessment of the competitive strength of Sara Lee Corp’s different business units? Sa ra Lee’s North American Retail division, North American Foodservice division and International Beverage divisions all have very high competitive strength largely because they have strong portfolio of market leading brands within industries that have been projected to grow in future. The global retail coffee market is expected to grow from $51-62 billion by 2013, and with ageing populations in US and Europe, we expect the demand for convenience food to also rise. We also see the company innovating in the meat business (e.g. in meat slicing) and offering complimentary products in its coffee business (single-serve coffee machines). Sara Lee could leverage its market share as bargaining power over its suppliers and customers or enter into alliances to strengthen it further. On the other hand, the North American Fresh Bakery division, International Bakery and the International Household and Body Care divisions are not as convincingly as strong as the other three divisions. North A merican Fresh Bakery has well performing brands and strong market share however; we are informed that its revenue arose when the company negotiated for increased shelf space at supermarkets and other selling stores. Assuming that â€Å"negotiating† for more shelf space implies extra costs we would expect less profits accruing to the company in this arrangement. The fact that Sara Lee has to negotiate for extra shelf space to improve its revenues lowers this division’

Daily Assignment 8&9 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Daily 8 - Assignment Example They claim that paternalism is essential when preferences do not match the choice frame and paternalism is guided by the failure to validate the preference of welfare to liberty. According to Thaler and Sunstein, Paternalism occurs when organizations or planners adopt policies or decisions that have positive impacts on the options of the non-planners. They argue that paternalism is inevitable since people do not want to make their own decisions even after being coerced by planners to do so. People are also unable to assess the benefits of the decisions they make and the planners are always benevolent such that if two options are available and only one is beneficial to both parties, they will adopt that one. Thaler and Sunstein believe that paternalism should not be coercive and morally demeaning. They assume that individuals behave according to the expectations of the economic models and do not act voluntarily and rationally for their own benefit. The argument that 60% of Americans are either obese or overweight shows that they believe that people do not make beneficial decisions. Every human being knows that obesity poses risks to heart attacks, and it would be misguiding if one assumes that most of the Americans choose their diet optimally. They argue that peoples choices are influenced by the legal and organizational

Structural functionalism from a post modern perspective

Structural functionalism from a post modern perspective Jay, Lara and their children would be considered as a family. It is in examining the institution like the urban family and its wide range of issues and other intricate social arrangements where sociologists do most of their theorising. In sociology there are three broad areas of sociological study structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism and conflict theories (including feminism and postmodernism) but for the purpose of this paper structural functionalism will be looked at and critiqued by a post modern perspective in terms of the context of Jay and Laras family. Structural Functionists would observe the role the family provides and the purpose that they perform. In investigating the different parts of societys structure in relation to others, functionalists look at how different institutions contribute to the continuation and survival of the social system as a whole. The family operates in a society characterised by rules and these rules are ordered and reoccurring and these relationships occur throughout societies and can therefore be put under scientific rigor and testing in terms of a positivist quantitative outlook and this can be considered almost universal in application. So in simple terms the institution of the family contributes to socialisation of new members of society as this is the rule or function the family provides to society. Parsons (1951) argued the family plays a number of roles in socialisation of individuals. Two roles being key in Jay and Laras case are the socialisation of children into suitable values and norms. The other key point Parsons makes is the stabilisation of the adult personality through marriage which helps to cushion parents from the stresses and strains of day to day life. (These ideas will be discussed further later in terms of criminological theory). Jay and Lara are therefore the primary socialisers of their children. They are (perhaps unwittingly) passing along a belief that crime does pay if Jay is to continue to offend and move back into selling drugs, also that it is usual to carry a knife to protect yourself in their neighbourhood. It would also suggest that the family as a buffer to stresses and strains is perhaps one more characterised by conflict than harmony as originally suggested by Parsons. Parsons theory has very little argument as to what makes a family dysfunctional and other family pathologies or to recognise a family different from the nuclear American dream family of the 1950s era. Norms of family structure have changed overtime, and these changes in families can be thought of as the move toward a newer post-modern idea of family. For example, Weston(1991: 3) argues that Familial ties between persons of the same sex that may be erotic but are not grounded in biology or procreation do not fit any tidy division of kinship into relations of blood and marriage. There is increasing variation in family types. It is not that the nuclear family has been replaced it is more so a case that individuals move in and out of different family types throughout the course of their lifetime. Coontz (1992) has suggested central to these different types of families are the decline of child rearing and marriage as central defining characteristics. These define less of a persons identity and have less influence over the life course decisions and are no longer socially universal. The family is now, she suggests, characterised by greater freedoms to choose your own style of life. Leading individuals in either positive or negative directions as the family now presents less constraints to those who are a part of it. Post-modernism has tried to suggest that rather than a family serving a function in society it is more characterised by multiplicity, difference, particularity, locality, temporality, and the scattered and shifting character of contemporary social processes (Outhwaite 2002). This can account for Jays change in behaviour from a family centric one with the success of the job, which could be argued by functionalists as a success of the family socialisation to buffer Jay from stresses and strains of his local community to one where his individuality has been expressed by losing his job, and heading out for himself with no regard for his family and the outcome of his actions would have had on them which holds to be a very post modern dilemma. (put something here about the ramifications for social work from these two perspectives.) Writers and theorists with sociology disagree to the way actions of the state interfere with the family. Mclennan et al (2000) have noticed that modern families have come under state intervention more so than other periods in time. Some policy outcomes, such as the welfare state, have been seen as something that should be a function of the family rather than a function delivered by the government. Sociologists, however, do recognise that social policy can be an area which provides social change by changing individual behaviour (Wallerstein 1989). Jay and Lara and their family are affected directly by these policies but this paper shall look at family and child policies and how they affect social work and the family unit. During the past 10 years there have been a lot of changes in government policy regarding children and families. With the introduction of every child matters (HM Treasury 2003) which outlines how this agenda will restructure current services with multidisciplinary working and better information sharing, it also details how early intervention should be concentrated on. The ideas set out in every child matters suggests that early intervention is more cost effective and early prevention is possible because of the vast knowledge about risk factors and the negative impact these can have and that parenting is vital. The report also suggests that services such as social work fail to intervene in a positive way because they lack accountability and have not been sharing information well. The states policy is therefore one of a more active interventionist role in relation to children and their development. The sure start programme being an example of this and has been directly mentioned in the Conservative party Manifesto paying for more than 4500 new sure start workers and refocusing onto early intervention once more (Conservative Party website 2010). A further focus of Policy over the past 10 years has been to look at the role of parents. Parents have been suggested as the background for changes in anti-social behaviour and social exclusion. The state has also increased its role in parenting support asking local authorities to develop a parental support strategy and employ a single commissioner of parenting support services (family and Parenting Institute 2009). Further to this the Government committed itself to getting rid of child poverty by 2020 and halving it by 2010 (Conservative Party website 2010). This is due to the evidence from studies such as the millennium cohort study which followed 16 000 children and noted a difference in child performance based on socio economic status. Parents have also been called to be more involved with their Childs education including the hard to reach (Reynolds, 2006). This message is echoed in the Childrens Plan (2007) which states, Parents support for their childs learning is an essential foundation for achievement. Parents told us they want to be more involved in their childrens education, and schools see the benefits of greater engagement with parents (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2007a, p53). To achieve this, direct transfers to families through benefits and tax credits have increased, focusing particularly on low-income families in employment. These have been accompanied by measures aiming to raise the employment rate among parents. Lone parents have been singled out as a target group for welfare reform, alongside measures to improve childcare availability and affordability. There has also been a major expansion in maternity leave provision, along with the introduction of the right for parents to request flexible working, in an attempt to make it easier for parents to balance work and family responsibilities. The final section of this report focuses on shifting family forms and family relationships, and the states role in helping couples to stay together and to parent their children after separation. Many challenges still remain in family policy, such as: integrating adult and childrens services to meet families needs; ensuring families have access to both good universal services and specialist ones; achieving child poverty targets; and creating real choice for parents in how they balance paid work and family responsibilities. The changes of the past 10 years have taken place against a background of national economic prosperity. The current recession is imposing new challenges on both families and public services, and even if the recovery is quick, the context for the next decade will be one of high public debt. It can be seen that the current conservative government hold that the family function is on that needs to be upheld. The previous labour government taking a more liberal (postmodern) view and less moral overtone to the ideas of family as can be seen with the policies introduced pre conservative government such as a focus on tax breaks and increasing resources being moved to low income families regardless of their married or unmarried status. With the new administration it may be argued that a more functional view of the family situation will be adopted where the ideal of the nuclear family as suggested by Parsons (1951) will be supported. The role of the social work will be therefore to protect these family institutions. Interestingly in light of the recent review of child protection after the Baby p case Henricson (2007) pointed out there was too much focus on structures and procedures and less emphasis on well trained social workers and other professionals with appropriate caseload s. Allowing them to fully understand the family situation and use their professional judgement in a more appropriate way. In reality practice is however fraught with resource limitations and need to provide help to those already in crisis rather than early intervention. In Building Britains Future the Prime minister promises a move from a system based primarily on targets and central direction to one where individuals have enforceable entitlements over the service they receive (Prime minister 2009, p18). This could have a great impact on Social Work services and service provision